A total of 140 samples were collected from patients staying at Tikrit Teaching Hospital for three days or more in order to identify the most common bacterial isolates within the infections acquired from Tikrit Teaching Hospital and its relation to the age, gender and educational level of the patient. The samples included 75 urine samples, 28 stool samples, 28 wound swabs, and 9 sputum samples. The percentage of nosocomial infections was (45.7%), where the highest percentage were among UTIs (50.7%) from the total of (75) samples, followed by wound infections (42.9%) from the total of (28) samples, gastrointestinal infections (39.3%) from the total of (28) samples, and pneumonic infections (33.3%) from the total of (9) samples. It was noticed that hospital infections were more common in females, age group (51-89) years followed by the age group (5 years and less), and the uneducated (illiterate) where the number of hospital infected patients was 47 uneducated (illiterate) patients with 71.2%, while the number of educated patients was 19 patients with 28.8%. Various bacterial species were isolated in this study, including Citrobacter.koseri, E.coli, Staphylococcus schleiferi, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella ozaenae, Klebsiella ornithindytica, Enterobacter aerogenes, Providencia stuartii, Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Prov. rettgeri, Staph. flexneri, Prov.alcalifaciens and K.pneumoniae.    http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.24.2019.006

The research included studying the ability of some bacteria that were isolated from urinary catheter tips and urine samples in a previous study, to form biofilms by Congo red and tube method. The results showed that the highest biofilm formation using tube method was occurred by Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli and klebsiella spp.(100%), while Pseudomonas fluorescens did not form a biofilm. of gram positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus showed the highest biofilm formation (87.5%), while Micrococcus spp. showed the lowest level (33.3%). Using the congo red method in the gram positive bacteria, S.aureus showed biofilm formation of 31.25%, while S.epidermidis and Micrococcus spp. did not form biofilms. Using the same method for gram negative bacteria, E.coli showed a highest ability of (50%), while Ps.fluorescens and C.freundii did not form biofilms.

The environmental samples we were collected about 130 samples from the soil and water and were dividing to (71) , (59) water and soil samples resectively. The growth isolation on the different cultural media was diagnosed from the appearance, microscopically, and cultural characteristics. The results of the diagnosis for the environmental samples showed that (51) of the isolations refers to E. coli bacteria about (45.9%) divvied to 33 isolates from the water by (52.4%) and (18) isolates from the soil by (37.5%). The ecological isolates was studied against nine antibiotics, broadly the isolates variables wherefrom the resistance of the antibiotic. The highest resistance was to the antibiotic cephalexin which reach to (80.4%).while there was no resistance for antibiotics (Amikacin) and (5.5%) to chloramphenicol It has been selected 24 clinical isolations, and 24 ecological isolates from E. coli isolates depending on here resistance to many of antibiotics. To study the genetic variation for these isolates and the genetic markers it has been used a type of molecular markers which is depending on PCR technical it is: Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and polymorphism bands then the observed data were enters to the computers for statistical analysis according to NTSYS-PC program, version 2.02 for this kind of the researches.

In view of the increasing interest in the Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The extracted DNA yield was observed using the phenol-chloroform method, it ranged from (1.6-1.8) and concentration ranged from 100 to 800 ng/µl. Five classical enterotoxin genes were investigated in 20 isolates using multiplex PCR method after it had been molecularly identified into methicillin resistant using mec A (which is the key genetic component of methicillin resistance) and fem A genes in a duplex PCR technique. A multiplex PCR test based on the simultaneous amplification of the five genes genes; sea 102bp, seb 164bp, sec 451bp, sed 278 bp and see 209bp was conducted to directly detect the toxin gene content. Our results had showed that most of MRSA samples harbored at least one enterotoxin gene. Multiple toxin gene combinations were also observed. Using this PCR assay we found that among the MRSA strains obtained (n=20).  The most commonly found gene was the enterotoxin A sea (n: 18, 90%), which was found alone and together with other toxin genes.

A total of 140 samples were collected from patients staying at Tikrit Teaching Hospital for three days or more in order to identify the most common bacterial isolates within the infections acquired from Tikrit Teaching Hospital and its relation to the age, gender and educational level of the patient. The samples included 75 urine samples, 28 stool samples, 28 wound swabs, and 9 sputum samples. The percentage of nosocomial infections was (45.7%), where the highest percentage were among UTIs (50.7%) from the total of (75) samples, followed by wound infections (42.9%) from the total of (28) samples, gastrointestinal infections (39.3%) from the total of (28) samples, and pneumonic infections (33.3%) from the total of (9) samples. It was noticed that hospital infections were more common in females, age group (51-89) years followed by the age group (5 years and less), and the uneducated (illiterate) where the number of hospital infected patients was 47 uneducated (illiterate) patients with 71.2%, while the number of educated patients was 19 patients with 28.8%. Various bacterial species were isolated in this study, including Citrobacter.koseri, E.coli, Staphylococcus schleiferi, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella ozaenae, Klebsiella ornithindytica, Enterobacter aerogenes, Providencia stuartii, Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Prov. rettgeri, Staph. flexneri, Prov.alcalifaciens and K.pneumoniae