32Rana chensinensis (R. chensinensis) is an important wild animal found in China, and 33 a precious animal in Chinese herbal medicine. R. chensinensis is rich in 34 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAS). However, information regarding the genes of R. 35 chensinensis related to the synthesis of PUFAs is limited. To identify these genes, we 36 performed Illumina sequencing of R. chensinensis RNA from the skin and Oviductus 37 Ranae. The Illumina Hiseq 2000 platform was used for sequencing, and the I-Sanger 38 cloud platform was used for transcriptome de novo sequencing and information 39 analysis to generate a database. Through the database generated by the transcriptome 40 and the pathway map, we found the pathway for the biosynthesis of R. chensinensis 41 PUFAs. The Pearson coefficient method was used to analyze the correlation of gene 42 expression levels between samples, and the similarity of gene expression in different 43 tissues and the characteristics in their respective tissues were found. Twelve 44 differentially expressed genes of PUFA in skin and Oviductus Ranae were screened 45 by gene differential expression analysis. The 12 unigenes expression levels of 46 qRT-PCR were used to verify the results of gene expression levels consistent with 47 transcriptome analysis. Based on the sequencing, key genes involved in biosynthesis 48 of unsaturated fatty acids were isolated, which established a biotechnological platform 49 for further research on R. chensinensis. 50 51
Ducks are an important source of meat and egg products for human beings. In China, duck breeding has gradually changed from the traditional floor-water combination system to multilayer cage breeding. Therefore, the present study collected the hypothalamus and pituitary of 113-day-old ducks after being caged for 3 days, in order to investigate the effect of cage-rearing on the birds. In addition, the same tissues (hypothalamus and pituitary) were collected from ducks raised in the floor-water combination system, for comparison. Thereafter, the transcriptomes were sequenced and the expression level of genes were compared. The results of sequencing analysis showed that a total of 506 and 342 genes were differentially expressed in the hy-po-thalamus and pituitary, respectively. Additionally, the differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in signaling pathways involved in processing environmental information, including ECM-receptor interaction, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and focal adhesion. The findings also showed that there was a change in the alternative splicing of genes when ducks were transferred into the cage rearing system. However, there was no difference in the expression of some genes although there was a change in the expression of the isoforms of these genes. The findings herein can therefore help in understanding the mechanisms underlying the effect of caging on waterfowl. The results also highlight the gene regulatory networks involved in animal responses to acute stress.
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