A study was undertaken in New York State to determine the changes in dental fluorosis prevalence from 1955 to 1986 in fluoridated Newburgh and non-fluoridated Kingston children.
China is the world’s largest market for solar water heating systems, installing 13 million square meters of new systems in 2004, mostly in large cities. Municipal authorities, however, are sensitive to quality and visual impact issues created by this technology deployment. Therefore, there is currently a trend toward developing building integrated systems as well as upgrading building codes, establishing testing and certification programs, and educating building architects and developers. The use of photovoltaics for urban and grid-connected applications has lagged behind the solar water-heating market; however, in 2003, a 1 MW photovoltaic-rooftop system was constructed in Shenzhen in southern China and several demonstration building integrated systems have since been installed. There is also an emerging interest in photovoltaics for distributed generation and grid support in China. Trends and requirements for developing solar urban applications in China will be presented in this article.
The US Department of Energy (DOE) through its National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has initiated rural development projects in India and China to demonstrate the viability of photovoltaics in meeting the needs of the rural masses for cost-eective and reliable electricity. This paper contains details of the major projects in the two countries, along with descriptions of the implemented photovoltaic systems and lessons learned to date. The successful outcome of these projects will allow duplication of the experiences in other developing areas of the world. # 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
INTRODUCTIONE conomic development throughout the developing world has created a need for electricity in both the urban and rural areas. Some two billion people 1 are currently without any or adequate electricity to realize an improvement in their quality of life. Most of these people have little or no access to an electrical grid, therefore distributed sources of electrical power, such as photovoltaics, oer a practical and economic alternative to conventional generation. India and China, the world's most populous countries, were chosen by the US Department of Energy (DOE) to implement photovoltaic (PV) applications to demonstrate 2 the economic viability and social acceptance of PV systems for such applications as home lighting, water pumping, communications, vaccine refrigeration, battery charging, solar lanterns, small power systems and other o-grid systems. The governments of the two countries are participating on a cost-shared basis and will be responsible for sustaining the initiatives beyond what the original projects are able to deliver. Further, it is expected that the results and improvements that occur can be replicated in other areas of the world where similar needs exist. The following material is representative of the initial experiences in the two countries. In addition, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has international agreements in renewable energy technologies with Argentina,
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