A summer program was created for undergraduates and graduate students that teaches bioinformatics concepts, offers skills in professional development, and provides research opportunities in academic and industrial institutions. We estimate that 34 of 38 graduates (89%) are in a career trajectory that will use bioinformatics. Evidence from open-ended research mentor and student survey responses, student exit interview responses, and research mentor exit interview/ survey responses identified skills and knowledge from the fields of computer science, biology, and mathematics that are critical for students considering bioinformatics research. Programming knowledge and general computer skills were essential to success on bioinformatics research projects. General mathematics skills obtained through current undergraduate natural sciences programs were adequate for the research projects, although knowledge of probability and statistics should be strengthened. Biology knowledge obtained through the didactic phase of the program and prior undergraduate education was adequate, but advanced or specific knowledge could help students progress on research projects. The curriculum and assessment instruments developed for this program are available for adoption by other bioinformatics programs at
Glucose, isolated and identified as the crystalline osazone, was shown by Speakman (1920) to be a product of the activity of Clostridium acetobutylticum in a maize medium to which toluene was added a few hours after inoculation. Robinson (1922) observed that during the progress of an active maize fermentation reducing sugar accumulated in the medium, and that, later, it almost completely disappeared through fermentation. Obviously an active amylase was elaborated by the organism. The present paper contains an account of some experiments on the preparation and behaviour of this enzyme. In view of the importance now attached to the initial constant velocity of reaction in enzyme studies the investigations have been based on methods which permit an examination of the progress of the reaction during the first few minutes of contact between enzyme and substrate. MATERIALS AND METHODS Enzyme preparation Attempts to demonstrate the presence of am-ylase in cells separated from the culture medium were unsuccessful. Several preparations were employed: washed organisms, air-dried cells ground to a. fine powder, autolysed organisms (wet and dry), acetone-treated cells, cells subjected to grinding with sand, and, finally, cells alternately frozen and thawed several times. However, active precipitates were obtained by adding alcohol or acetone in suitable amounts to the glucose-peptone medium from which the organisms, after forty hours' incubation at 370, were removed by means of the Sharples centrifuge. Unlike the amy-491
Investigation of fish enzymes for leather bates reveals that those of the pyloric caeca show their greatest influence on casein and collagen at hydrogen ion concentrations of approximately pH 8. The protease showed its maximum activity towards casein at a temperature of 45"C. Ammonium salts at certain concentrations increased the rate of hydrolysis of collagen by about 40 per cent, but had no like stimulating effect on the hydrolysis of casein. A comparison showed that pyloric caeca enzymes were just .as satisfactory as commercial leather bates or hog pancreas. When the pyloric caeca are allowed to autolyse at room temperature, the protease activity is constant for the first 24 hours, declines rapidly during the next 80 hours, and slowly thereafter. The most suitable method for preparing a dried preparation was by evaporation under partial vacuum, which, however, is accompanied by some loss of activity. This paper describes certain work which has been carried out on the enzymes of the pyloric caeca of cod and haddock with the object of furnishing other laboratories with data to enable them to assess the value of such material in leather bating.This examination was undertaken on the suggestion Among others a bate must possess the property of digesting certain skin con-J. Biol. Board Can. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by ACQ Service/Serials (A) on 02/03/15For personal use only.
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