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A sample of 274 Vietnam-era veterans seeking treatment for substance abuse was divided on the basis of combat experience and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III; APA, 1980) criteria of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Veterans with evidence of PTSD were compared with a non-PTSD group of Vietnam combat veterans and a noncombat group of Vietnam-era veterans on measures of specific interpersonal problems using the Horowitz Interpersonal Problem Inventory (Horowitz, 1979), as well as more traditional mea'sures of family and social adjustment and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). The PTSD group scored significantly higher on clusters of problems dealing with intimacy and sociability than did either of the comparison groups. PTSD veterans also scored higher on the MMPI scales of Paranoia, Psychopathic Deviate, Social Introversion, Social Maladjustment, Family Problems, and Manifest Hostility but did not differ from other groups on the Family Environment Scale (Moos, 1974) variables. The results, which were not attributable to premilitary adjustment differences or to confounding demographic variables, are compared to previous studies, and research questions that remain outstanding are discussed.

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The debate about black Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventories (MMPIs) and white norms was renewed recently. Pritchard and Rosenblatt, revewing 16 studies, claimed to find no evidence that the MMPI is racially biased. Gynther and Green, reviewing 40 studies, concluded that racial bias in the MMPI varies as a function of sampling, with bias more likely when normal blacks are compared with normal whites but not when abnormal groups are compared. No study yet published has compared black alcoholics with white alcoholics, although problem drinking is classified as a major diagnostic problem. We found that black alcoholics scored significantly lower on a few MMPI scales (e.g., Hysteria), but profile differences were not clinically meaningful, particularly when the covariates of age, education, and socioeconomic status were controlled. Blacks differed appreciably on the Family Environment Scale (FES), however, rating social climates more positively than whites. Findings that blacks obtained negligible differences on a wholly white normed test (the MMPI), contrasted with the significant differences and better adjustment shown by blacks over whites on a test normed with minority-group representation (the FES), interject new considerations into the issue of racial bias. Whereas nonsignificant differences would not appear to support the contention of racial bias on the MMPI, FES results question whether such nonsignificance actually rules out test bias.The debate about using white norms for eluded that degrees of ethnic bias in the interpreting blacks' performances on the MMPI may vary in part as a function of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inven-kinds of samples being compared. Among tory (MMPI) was advanced recently in a normal subjects, blacks tend to score 5-10 lively exchange between Pritchard and Ro-T points higher on the MMPI, particularly senblatt (1980a, 1980b) and Gynther and on the Validity (F), Schizophrenia (Sc), and Green (1980). Pritchard and Rosenblatt Hypomania (Ma) scales. When subjects are concluded that there was no evidence to sup-psychiatric patients, however, differences port the notion of differential performance are less pronounced and more equivocal, peron the MMPI between blacks and whites, haps because profile elevations produced by whereas Gynther and Green (1980) con-maladjustment obscure racial differences.Moreover, when samples consist of heroin This study was conducted with funds furnished by the addicts, the direction of differences is re-General Medical Research Service and the Alcohol versed so that whites score higher than Dependence Treatment Program of the Veterans Adblackg (p enk & R 0 binowitz, 1974).'^S^^SSS^SS^ for his A . J» contradictory nature of black-white processing of MMPI protocols used in this study. Deep differences among normal and abnormal appreciation is expressed to Frank Harris for his un-groups-persisting even after such potenflagging labors at all stages of data reduction and pro-tially confounding variables as age, intelli-^RSiestsforreprintsshould...

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The synthesis of a novel benzimidazole derivative with a long-chain-ester substituent, namely methyl 8-[4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenoxy]octanoate, (3), is reported. Ester (3) shows evidence of aggregation in solution and weak gelation ability with toluene. The octan-1-ol solvate, methyl 8-[4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenoxy]octanoate octan-1-ol monosolvate, CHNO·CHO, (4), exhibits a four-molecule hydrogen-bonded motif in the solid state, with N-H...O hydrogen bonds between benzimidazole molecules and O-H...N hydrogen bonds between the octan-1-ol solvent molecules and the benzimidazole unit. The alkyl chains of the ester and the octan-1-ol molecules are in unfolded conformations. The phenylene ring is canted by 10.27 (6)° from the plane of the benzimidazole ring system. H...C contacts make up 20.7% of the Hirshfeld surface coverage. Weak C-H...π interactions involving the benzimidazole alkyl chain and three aromatic rings are observed.

An empirical examination of previous alcoholism classifications that have used the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory reveals that one particular subtype emerges with considerable convergence. This article describes this subtype and outlines some of its implications for alcoholism theory and research.The last two decades have yielded a number of studies that have attempted to establish useful typologies of alcohol abusers by using multivariate classification strategies (see reviews by Morey & Blashfield, 1981;Skinner, 1982). Although some consistencies have emerged from these studies, disagreement remains regarding the stability and replicability of the subtypes that have been suggested.Many of these studies have sought to differentiate alcoholics according to features of personality and psychopathology, using personality inventories such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) as a basis for classification. Reviewers of this literature, however, have drawn substantially different conclusions in attempting to integrate typologies reported across studies. For example, some authors (e.g., O'Leary, Donovan, Chaney, & O'Leary, 1980) have suggested that two clusters (a high 4 profile and a 2-7-8 profile) appear consistently in alcohol typology studies. Other reviewers, though, have interpreted previous studies as being consistent with four (Conley, 1981), five (Zivich, 1981), or seven (Nerviano & Gross, 1983) replicable subtypes.Recently, Morey and others (Morey, Skinner, & Blashfield, 1984;Roberts & Morey, 1985) have proposed a different approach to the classification of alcoholics. The basis of this classification is the Alcohol Use Inventory (AUI; Wanberg, Horn, & Foster, 1977), a multidimensional instrument that taps domains such as preferred style of alcohol use, unfavorable consequences of alcohol use, and perceived benefits from drinking. Using an extensive validation design that compared 23 different statistical classification strategies, three subtypes emerged that were distinguishable by different stylistic features of alcohol use. Although these subtypes were very different with respect to severity of drinking, there were a number of qualitative indices that suggested these types reflected distinct constructs as well as different points on an alcoholic continuum (Morey, Blashfield, & Skinner, 1983). In addition, these subtypes have been found to replicate across samples of alcoholics as well as providing differential descriptions of personality and psychopathology between types.