Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is still a global health problem. Current T2DM treatments are limited to curing the symptoms and have not been able to restore insulin sensitivity in insulin-sensitive tissues that have become resistant. In the past decade, some studies have shown the significant role of a chaperone family, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), in insulin resistance pathogenesis that leads to T2DM. HSP70 is a cytoprotective molecular chaperone that functions in protein folding and degradation. In general, studies have shown that decreased concentration of HSP70 is able to induce inflammation process through JNK activation, inhibit fatty acid oxidation by mitochondria through mitophagy decrease and mitochondrial biogenesis, as well as activate SREBP-1c, one of the lipogenic gene transcription factors in ER stress. The overall molecular pathways are potentially leading to insulin resistance and T2DM. Increased expression of HSP70 in brain tissues is able to improve insulin sensitivity and glycemic control specifically. HSP70 modulation-targeting strategies (including long-term physical exercise, hot tub therapy (HTT), and administration of alfalfa-derived HSP70 (aHSP70)) in subjects with insulin resistance are proven to have therapeutic and preventive potency that are promising in T2DM management.
Summary Diabetes mellitus (DM) is still a challenging metabolic disease worldwide. In the current situation, the world is facing a COVID-19 pandemic due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. DM is one of the comorbid conditions that can worsen the severity of the COVID-19 condition. Surprisingly, SARS-CoV-2 infection can induce new-onset diabetes, a condition in which acute hyperglycemia occurs and may develop into a complication in nondiabetic patients. Angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a crucial entry factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection. ACE2 will bind to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, potentially initiating a damaging process in many tissues in the human body, including metabolic tissues. This mechanism suggests a potential role of ACE2 in the pathogenesis of diabetes since ACE2 has been proven to localize in essential metabolic tissues, one of which is the acini and islets part of the pancreas. This interrelated ACE2 in COVID-19 and DM is thought of as the mechanism that induces new-onset diabetes in COVID-19 patients. This review will thoroughly describe the current findings and theories regarding the molecular mechanism of SARS-CoV-2-induced new-onset diabetes and the possible therapeutic intervention.
Background: Most of the malaria cases are caused by Plasmodium falciparum infection. The prevalence of cases and high mortality rates due to malaria should be watched out globally. However, currently, efforts to prevent and treat malaria suffer obstacles due to resistance to insecticides and antimalarial drugs. For these reasons, other preventive measures are needed, such as vaccines. This study aims to review the Plasmodium falciparum Serine Repeat Antigen 5 (PfSERA5) as a potential candidate for Plasmodium falciparum malaria vaccine development. Methods: Of the 65 journals reviewed, 51 journals were found to be suitable as references for this paper. The keywords included in selected search engines are "malaria" "PfSERA5", "Plasmodium falciparum", and "malaria vaccine". Search results and studies show that the erythrocytic phase of the vaccine can fight malaria parasites that escape the liver stage while reducing or eliminating clinical symptoms. Data were analyzed and written in a narrative form.Results: PfSERA5 is an asexual erythrocytic stage antigen that accumulates in the parasitophorous vacuole. The PfSERA5, SE47 and SE36 (modified SE47) domains can induce the formation of antibodies that protect against falciparum malaria infection in vivo and in vitro. This protective mechanism, caused by PfSERA5 (anti-SE47 and anti-SE36) specific antibodies, occurs through inhibition of parasite growth and merozoite lysis. PfSERA5 also does not show antigenic variations and has limited polymorphism, so the probability of resistance can be reduced. Conclusion: Based on this, PfSERA5 has great potential as an effective erythrocytic phase vaccine candidate. However, further studies are needed regarding the toxicological and pharmacological properties of PfSERA5, both in vivo and in clinical settings.
Diabetes mellitus especially type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease with a high prevalence and risk of complications. Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication. Current diabetic retinopathy therapy tends to be expensive and often leads to recurrence. Therefore more effective therapies are needed with abundant resources so that they are affordable for the community. Based on research, omega 3 fatty acids can be used as preventive and curative therapy for diabetic retinopathy. This modality is proven to be effective in preventing worsening of diabetic retinopathy and even reducing the signs of vascular abnormalities which are the main problem in this disease. Recent studies have also found signaling pathways involving GPR120 in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Even GPR120 which is a receptor for omega 3 fatty acids has the potential as an effective therapeutic target in the prevention of worsening and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Keywords: GPR120, Omega 3 fatty acids, diabetic retinopathy
Abstrak Kecacingan merupakan penyakit yang masih banyak di negara berkembang. Infeksi cacing dapat menimbulkan penurunan respon terhadap antigen yang terjadi akibat modified Th2 response. Vaksin BCG merupakan antigen yang dikenal sebagai penginduksi respon sel Th1. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan kadar IFN-γdan IL-10 pada orang dewasa terinfeksi Ascaris lumbricoides dengan tidak terinfeksi yang diinduksi vaksi BCG.Penelitian dilakukan di Kelurahan Muara Fajar Kecamatan Rumbai Pesisir Pekanbaru dengan menggunakan rancangan cross sectinal study. Populasi penelitian ini adalah orang dewasa kelurahan Muara Fajar KecamatanRumbai Pesisir Pekanbaru yang terinfeksi dan tidak terinfeksi Ascaris lumbricoides. Status kecacingan didapatkan dari pemeriksaan feses dengan metode kato-katz. Kadar IFN-γ dan IL-10 didapatkan dengan pemeriksaan laboratorium dengan metode ELISA. Pengolahan dan analisa data menggunakan uji t. Hasil penelitian didapatkan rerata kadar IFNγ adalah 16,55±14,13 pg/mg dan kadar IL-10 36,13±8,83 pg/ml. Pada orang dewasa yang tidak terinfeksi Ascaris lumbricoides didapatkan kadar rata-rata IFN-γ adalah 199,36±121,86 pg/ml dan kadar IL-10 10,57±9,20 pg/ml.Terdapat perbedaan bermakna kadar IFN-γ dan IL-10 antara orang dewasa yang terinfeksi Ascaris lumbricoides dengan tidak terinfeksi (p<0,05). Kesimpulan hasil penelitian ini ialah infeksi Ascaris lumbricoides dapat menekan produksi IFN-γ terhadap pemberian vaksin BCG.Kata kunci: ascaris lumbricoides, vaksin BCG, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin 10 (IL-10) Abstract Worm infestation still happened in the develop country. Worm infection can also make low respond on antigen that is caused by modified Th2 response. BCG vaccine is antigen as known as induction Th1 cell respond. The objective of this study was to know the differences IFN-γ and IL-10 an adult who infected Ascaris lumbricoides to uninfected who inducted by BCG vaccine. The research was conducted in Muara Fajar district Rumbai PesisirPekanbaru by Cross Sectinal Study. The research population were adults in Muara Fajar district Rumbai Pesisir Pekanbaru who infected and uninfected Ascaris lumbricoides. Worm infection was getting checked in fesses by katokatz method.IFN-y and IL-10 were getting laboratory checked by ELISA method.The data was analyzed by t-tes. The mean IFN-y of the adult who infected Ascaris lumbricoides were 16.55±14.13 pg/mg and IL-10 36.13±8.83 pg/ml and the adult who uninfected Ascaris lumbricoides were 199,36±121,86 pg/ml and IL-10 10.57±9.20 pg/ml. There was significant difference of IFN-y and IL-10 between adult who infected Ascaris lumbricoides with uninfected (p<0,05). It can be concluded that Ascaris lumbricoides infection can pressure IFN-y production on given BCG vaccine. Keywords: ascaris lumbricoides, BCG vaccine, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin 10 (IL-10)
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