A b s t r a c t. The chosen energy plants species: willow, mallow and Miscanthus are presented. Result of analysis of combustion heat and heating value of these species biomass indicate on possibility of their utilization as fuel for combustion and energy and heat production.K e y w o r d s: plants, biomass, heating value
This paper presents the results of the evaluation of the energy potential of waste from the process of drying corn grain in the form of corn cobs, damaged grains, corn grain husks, and mixtures of starting materials. A technical and elementary analysis was performed for the biomass under investigation. The elemental composition of ash and the tendencies for slagging and boiler slagging were determined, and the emission factors were estimated based on the elemental analysis performed. The tests showed the highest calorific value among the starting materials for corn cobs (CCs) (14.94 MJ·kg−1) and for the mixture of corn cobs with corn husk (CC–CH) (13.70 MJ·kg−1). The estimated emission factors were within ranges of 38.26–63.26 kg·Mg−1 for CO, 936–1549 kg·Mg−1 for CO2, 0.85–4.32 kg·Mg−1 for NOx, 0.91–1.03 kg·Mg−1 for SO2, and 3.88–54.31 kg·Mg−1 for dust. The research showed that the creation of mixtures from starting materials leads to materials with lower potential for negative environmental impact as well as a reduced risk of slagging and fouling of biomass boilers. However, taking into account all the parameters determined for the biomass under study, the highest energy potential was characteristic for corn cobs and the mixture of corn cobs with corn husk.
The paper presents analysis of the processes taking place in fuel systems which lead to damage of injection devices in farm machines. The most frequent reasons of failure of traditional injection systems and Common Rail high pressure systems which are caused inter alia by an improper quality of diesel oil were described and discussed. Microscopic tests of the surface of worn plungers of the plunger and barrel assemby of Motorpal injection pumps used in Zetor tractors were carried out. Types of damage to elements of the injection pump and electromagnetic injectors used in Common Rail systems CP4 type based on the tests on the group of 126 on-site repairs were assessed. Repairs were made in the repair centres in Podkarpackie Voivodeship and centres dealing with repair of injection systems. Metallographic tests were carried out in the Laboratory of Materials of Rzeszow University of Technology with the use of electrone scanning microscope Hitachi S-3400N.
Green-belt shielding seems to be the right solution for protection against the spread of automotive environmental pollution, particularly when it comes to large areas. Roadside greenery fulfills a range of various functions-both natural and aesthetic, while also offering great potential for environmental protection. The aim of this study was to determine the content of zinc and copper in the soil collected from a roadside, as well as in soil collected from immediate surrounding areas where Virginia mallow (Sida hermaphrodita Rusby) was grown as a form of biological roadside screen barrier, and to examine how the vegetation in this area may limit the spread of automotive environmental pollution. Furthermore, the content of the researched elements in the separate parts of the plants (leaves, stems, roots) collected in varying proximity of the road was specified. The highest concentration of copper was found in the leaves and roots of the Virginia mallow, whereas that of zinc was in the leaves of the plant.
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