The interrelationships between level of exposure to Trichostrongylus colubriforn~i.s infection, production loss, and the physiological and metabolic changes associated with the development of the disease were studied over 24 weeks in groups of weaner lambs on larval dosing regimes (LDR) of either 0, 300, 950, 3000, 9500 or 30,000 infective larvae per week. During the first 12 weeks faecal egg counts generally accorded with the level of larval dosing, but thereafter declined, and at 24 weeks worm counts showed that most animals were resistant to parasite establishment. Liveweight gain over the 24-week infection period was significantly depressed only on LDR 3000, 9500 and 30,000 being, respectively, 67, 61 and 49% of the gain on LDR 0. These differences reflected reduced rates of gain, or, on LDR 30,000, loss of weight, during the first 12 weeks; rates of liveweight gain were similar on all LDR between 12 and 24 weeks. Wool growth rate was significantly depressed on LDR 3000, 9500 and 30,000, the maximal effect being recorded during weeks 8-12, when the growth rate was reduced to 79, 47 and 44% respectively of the rate on LDR 0. Thereafter, wool growth rate on these three LDR increased and by weeks 20-24 had returned almost to the level in uninfected sheep. Food consumption was significantly depressed on LDR 3000, 9500 and 30,000, the maximal effect occurring between weeks 8 and 12 when food consumption was 71, 61 and 44% respectively of that on LDR 0. By weeks 20-24 food consumption on these LDR had returned to the level in uninfected sheep.On LDR 30,000 there was a significantly increased excretion of nitrogen (g/100 g nitrogen intake) in faeces during the 8th, 12th and 24th weeks of infection and in urine durlng the 4th, 8th and 12th weeks. Nitrogen retention (g/100 g nitrogen apparently digested) was significantly reduced on LDR 30,000 during the 4th, 8th and 12th weeks.Enteric loss of plasma was significantly increased on LDR 950 and above, this effect occurring earlier and being more pronounced with increasing level of larval dosing; maximal losses were recorded during the 12th week when on LDR 30,000 sheep were losing approximately four times as much plasma into the gut as on LDR 0. The development and degree of hypoalbuminaemia in infected sheep paralleled the development of enteric plasma leakage, significantly reduced albumin levels being recorded on LDR 950 and above during the 12th week. By the 24th week both enteric plasma loss and plasma albumin concentration in sheep on these four LDR had returned to values similar to those in uninfected sheep. Measurements of albumin kinetics indicated that rates of albumin turnover and irreversible loss were increased in infected sheep only during the early stages of infection.Depletion of the albumin pool was accompanied by a significantly reduced rate of irreversible albumin loss during the 12th week on LDR 3000 and above.Measurements of the RNA/DNA ratio in liver and muscle at 4, 10 and 17 weeks indicated that protein synthesis in these tissues was significantl...

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Weaner lambs were infected for 16 weeks with 900 or 3000 Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvaelweek alone, with 38 000 Ostertagia circumcincta larvaelweek alone, or with the two parasites concurrently at these dose levels. Concurrent infections with T. colubrifovmis, which when given alone had no significant effect, reduced liveweight gain by 15 kg over the 16-week infection period compared with a 6-kg reduction in liveweight of lambs infected with O. civcumcincta alone. T. colubvifovmis when given alone did not affect wool growth, but with concurrent infections wool growth was reduced by up to 66% compared with a 25 % reduction in lambs infected with O. circunzcincta alone. This greater loss of productivity in concurrent infections was principally due to reduced food consumption, and was exacerbated by a substantial decrease in the efficiency of retention of apparently digested nitrogen. These effects were accompanied by an elevated gastroenteric plasma loss, and a concomitant decrease in albumin synthesis which together were considered responsible for the more pronounced hypoalbuminaemia observed in lambs with concurrent infections. Reasons for impaired nitrogen utilization in concurrently infected lambs are discussed.

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An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of castration on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of goat kids. Fourteen Boer-cross buck and wether goat kids (n = 7; initial body weight (BW) 38.0±0.35 kg and 34.8± 0.35 kg, for bucks and wethers, respectively) were grazed on annual Marshall ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) for 56 days. Body weights were recorded after 4 h withdrawal from feed and water for two consecutive days, every 2 wk. After d 56, animals were harvested and hot carcass weight (HCW), cold carcass weight (CCW), dressing percent (DP), kidney and pelvic fat (KPF), longissimus muscle (LM) area, back fat (BF), and other carcass parameters were measured. Day 0 BW was used as a covariate for analyses. However, bucks were heavier than wethers at d 15 (p = 0.09), 42 (p = 0.001) and 56 (p = 0.001). Bucks had higher ADG (146 vs. 74 g/d; p = 0.001), HCW (21.2 vs. 18.8 kg; p = 0.06) and CCW (20.3 vs. 17.9 kg; p = 0.04) when compared with wether goats. Dressing percentage (51 vs. 47%; p = 0.06), KPF (0.44 vs. 0.16%; p = 0.02) and BF (0.41 vs. 0.21 cm; p = 0.05) were higher in wethers vs bucks, respectively; however, USDA live or carcass grades were similar. Longissimus muscle tissue from wethers and bucks were similar in darkness (L*) and redness (a*), but wethers had more (p = 0.02) yellow tint (b*). Palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0) and oleic (C18:1) acids were higher (p = 0.001) in muscle tissue from wethers compared to bucks. The saturated fatty acid (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) contents of muscle tissue were lower (p = 0.001) for bucks with no difference in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Longissimus muscle initial temperature was higher in bucks (p<0.04) and pH change post-mortem was similar for bucks and wethers. These results indicated that castration of young market goats reduced growth performance and produced carcasses with more fat and higher SFA.