Significant changes in production processes and consumption patterns are required if high-consumption societies are to tackle climate change. These changes will not be achieved unless climate change is taken into account in the general and sector-specific policies that underlie economic activity and general social development. When actors react to climate policies, they are also influenced significantly by other policies.The degree to which climate change issues are considered and integrated into existing policy areas is therefore a key issue, along with climate-specific measures such as emissions trading. The paper assesses the extent of climate policy integration in six European countries (Denmark, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom) and in some cases regions and municipalities and analyses measures and means for enhancing climate policy integration.This study shows that climate change has a more prominent role in governmental programmes than ever before, and it is no longer delegated to just one minister, one ministry or a few institutions. The most recent national climate strategies recognize the need for, and are built on, climate policy integration to a much greater extent than was previously the case. At the local level, many large cities, as well as smaller Climate Policy Integration as a Necessity for an Efficient Climate Policy -Amsterdam Conference 20092 municipalities, have made climate commitments which are often more ambitious than commitments made at a national level.More important than incorporating climate policy integration more deeply into policy strategies is extending it more fully to specific policy instruments. Across countries and regions, the need to deepen climate policy integration into spatial planning and governmental budgeting is common. In the countries studied, there are many inconsistencies between climate policy aims and other policy aims, which are rarely openly assessed. Mainstreaming climate policy opens up controversies such as the option of nuclear energy production or regulating the use of private cars. The study also shows that both mitigation and adaptation concerns all levels from the local to the global and that the interactions between levels are complex and multidirectional.
Analyse van provinciale natuurbeleidsstrategieën Realiseren van het natuurnetwerk en vergroten van maatschappelijke betrokkenheid bij natuur Provincies hebben verschillende strategieën om het nationale natuurnetwerk te realiseren en maatschappelijke betrokkenheid bij natuur te vergroten. In deze paper geven we een tussenstand van de ontwikkeling en uitvoering van deze strategieën (anno 2018). Onze analyse laat zien dat de variatie aan strategieën in het natuurbeleid sinds de decentralisatie van 2011 is toegenomen. Veel provincies hebben bij de realisatie van het Natuurnetwerk Nederland een voorkeur voor zelfrealisatie door bestaande grondeigenaren (veelal boeren). In de praktijk blijkt de belangstelling hiervoor voorlopig achter bij de verwachtingen. Mede hierdoor past een aantal provincies in toenemende mate ook onteigening toe als strategie om het natuurnetwerk te vergroten. Binnen het beheer sturen provincies steeds meer op het vergroten van de kwaliteit van de bestaande natuur. Dit leidt in een aantal provincies wel tot zorgen over de betaalbaarheid van het beheer in de toekomst. Provincies ontwikkelen ook steeds concreter beleid om de maatschappelijke betrokkenheid bij natuur te vergroten. Binnen dit beleid hanteren provincies op hoofdlijnen twee beleidsstrategieën, namelijk het stimuleren van gebruik en beleving van natuur, en het stimuleren van actieve betrokkenheid bij natuur.
Introduction Since the 1990s regional partnerships have become a popular instrument of rural and environmental policy across Europe. This has also attracted the interest of governance scholars who consider regional partnerships to be an example of the general shift from government to governance (Bevir and Rhodes, 2003; Rhodes, 1997). The governance debate on regional partnerships has been one sided in two ways. Firstly, it shows a lack of correlation between governance as a normative prescription and governance as an empirical phenomenon (Jordan, 2008, page 29). Secondly, the role of the state as an initiator and partner in these regional partnerships has been given insufficient attention (Bloomfield et al, 2001, page 510). We aim to address both issues by: (1) discussing the correlation between normative governance prescriptions and empirical manifestations and (2) focusing on the role of the state as an initiator and partner in regional partnerships and its dynamics. Our interest in the role of the state in regional partnerships implies that we will confine ourselves to those partnerships that are state initiated and/or include state actors in the partnership. Pure forms of societal self-governance partnerships preclude a role for state actors and are therefore excluded from our analysis (Kooiman, 2003; Rhodes, 1996). But how do we define`the state' and`regional partnerships'? Clearly, the concept of the state is an``elusive and contested concept'' (Flinders, 2006, page 223) meaning different things from different theoretical perspectives (Hay et al, 2006; Pierre and Peters, 2000). We have here opted for an institutional state perspective, limiting its definition to the political and bureaucratic institutions of the nation-state. A broader definition could include state-initiated regional partnerships as being part of the state and this would blur our distinction between the state and regional partnerships (Flinders, 2006). Regional partnerships can be defined as more or less stable cooperations between governmental, societal, and market actors from different levels, which cooperate and negotiate to deliver or implement policies in a region. The region covers, in this study, a specific geographical area that is subprovincial but covers several
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