Abstract:In a 26-year soil warming experiment in a mid-latitude hardwood forest, we 14 documented changes in soil carbon cycling to investigate the potential consequences for the 15 climate system. We found that soil warming results in a four-phase pattern of soil organic matter
This article documents the addition of 512 microsatellite marker loci and nine pairs of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) sequencing primers to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Alcippe morrisonia morrisonia, Bashania fangiana, Bashania fargesii, Chaetodon vagabundus, Colletes floralis, Coluber constrictor flaviventris, Coptotermes gestroi, Crotophaga major, Cyprinella lutrensis, Danaus plexippus, Fagus grandifolia, Falco tinnunculus, Fletcherimyia fletcheri, Hydrilla verticillata, Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus, Leavenworthia alabamica, Marmosops incanus, Miichthys miiuy, Nasua nasua, Noturus exilis, Odontesthes bonariensis, Quadrula fragosa, Pinctada maxima, Pseudaletia separata, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Podocarpus elatus, Portunus trituberculatus, Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhinella schneideri, Sarracenia alata, Skeletonema marinoi, Sminthurus viridis, Syngnathus abaster, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) chinensis, Verticillium dahliae, Wasmannia auropunctata, and Zygochlamys patagonica. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Chaetodon baronessa, Falco columbarius, Falco eleonorae, Falco naumanni, Falco peregrinus, Falco subbuteo, Didelphis aurita, Gracilinanus microtarsus, Marmosops paulensis, Monodelphis Americana, Odontesthes hatcheri, Podocarpus grayi, Podocarpus lawrencei, Podocarpus smithii, Portunus pelagicus, Syngnathus acus, Syngnathus typhle,Uroteuthis (Photololigo) edulis, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) duvauceli and Verticillium albo-atrum. This article also documents the addition of nine sequencing primer pairs and sixteen allele specific primers or probes for Oncorhynchus mykiss and Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; these primers and assays were cross-tested in both species.
The results of our experiments suggest that mixed mating is not maintained by selection against self-pollen or zygotes in this population. Mixed mating is most likely a byproduct of the pollination process but may also be a transitional stage during the evolution of higher selfing rates.
Long-term soil warming can decrease soil organic matter (SOM), resulting in self-reinforcing feedback to the global climate system. We investigated additional consequences of SOM reduction for soil water holding capacity (WHC) and soil thermal and hydrological buffering. At a long-term soil warming experiment in a temperate forest in the northeastern United States, we suspended the warming treatment for 104 days during the summer of 2017. The formerly heated plot remained warmer (+0.39°C) and drier (−0.024 cm 3 H 2 O cm −3 soil) than the control plot throughout the suspension. We measured decreased SOM content (−0.184 g SOM g −1 for O horizon soil, −0.010 g SOM g −1 for A horizon soil) and WHC (−0.82 g H 2 O g −1 for O horizon soil, −0.18 g H 2 O g −1 for A horizon soil) in the formerly heated plot relative to the control plot. Reduced SOM content accounted for 62% of the WHC reduction in the O horizon and 22% in the A horizon. We investigated differences in SOM composition as a possible explanation for the remaining reductions with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. We found FTIR spectra that correlated more strongly with WHC than SOM, but those particular spectra did not differ between the heated and control plots, suggesting that SOM composition affects WHC but does not explain treatment differences in this study. We conclude that SOM reductions due to soil warming can reduce WHC and hydrological and thermal buffering, further warming soil and decreasing SOM. This feedback may operate in parallel, and perhaps synergistically, with carbon cycle feedbacks to climate change.Plain Language Summary Soil warming in temperate deciduous forests of the northeastern United States may result in a series of consequences that ultimately reinforce climate change. Reduced soil carbon storage is one well-studied consequence; changes in soil water holding capacity are less well studied. At a long-term soil warming experiment in Harvard Forest, we suspended the warming treatment for 104 days to investigate how long-term warming might have altered water holding capacity. We measured both reduced soil organic matter and reduced water holding capacity, as well as a statistically significant link between the two. We also observed the formerly heated plot remaining warmer and drier than the control plot throughout the suspension, despite having received no artificial warming for several months. This could have important implications for a warming world. Soil water storage plays a crucial role in holding water in an ecosystem between rain events, making water continuously available for both the ecological and for human use. Reduced soil water storage capacity could make both ecosystems and human infrastructure more sensitive to the weather variability, which is expected to increase with climate change. This could result in reduced forest growth and carbon storage, further reinforcing climate change.
Selfing populations are often genetically depauperate and substantially differentiated. These genetic consequences of selfing are thought to contribute to the reduced longevity of natural populations. We analyzed multilocus microsatellite variation and population structure to examine the likelihood of high levels of selfing in Leavenworthia uniflora. We also conducted crosses between two populations with the greatest degree of microsatellite divergence to test the hypothesis that these populations have substantial mutation loads or express epistasis for fitness indicative of local adaptation or intrinsic reproductive isolation. Populations were inbred (F IS ¼ 0:80) and highly selfing (S ¼ 0:89) and maintained limited allelic diversity (A ¼ 1:42). Genetic differentiation in L. uniflora reflects high levels of selfing and spatial structure (F ST ¼ 0:66), with two recent seed dispersal events having strong effects on the distribution of genetic diversity. Reciprocal crosses between populations (Missouri and Indiana) revealed divergent germination and flowering rates, yet dominance and epistasis were not inferred for any trait. The Indiana cytoplasm lowered germination and flowering rates and fruit number in the F 1 , but these effects diminished in the F 2 , being caused by maternal environmental effects. Although L. uniflora reproduces predominantly through selfing in nature, the lack of support for heterosis or hybrid breakdown is likely explained by the recent divergence of populations in this species.
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