Coal, fly ash, slag, and combustion gases from a large cyclone-fed power plant 870 MW(e) were analyzed for a suite of elements. Mass balance calculations show that the sampling and analyses were generally adequate to describe the flows of these elements through the plant. Most Hg, some Se, and probably most Cl and Br were discharged to the atmosphere as gases.

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The effects of temperature, purity, magnetic state, and crystal structure on the thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity, and Seebeck coefficient of iron were obtained from measurements on Armco iron (99.5% pure, ρ300/ρ4.2=11.0) and a high-purity iron (99.95% pure, ρ300/ρ4.2=26.2). The most probable determinate errors of the measurements were thermal conductivity ±1.5%, electrical resistivity ±0.1%, and Seebeck coefficient ±0.9%; and larger absolute errors. Where theory permits, the thermophysical properties of iron are discussed in terms of contributing transport mechanisms. The thermal conductivity of iron can be calculated to ±1.5% between 0° and 910°C from electrical-resistivity measurements and the lattice portion of the thermal conductivity determined in this study.

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This reportwas prepared as an accountof worksponsoredby an agency of the United States Government.Neither the UnitedStates Government nor any agency thereof,nor any of their employees,makesany warranty, expressor implied,or assure any legal liabilityor responsibility for the accuracy,completeness, or usefulnessof any information, apparatus,product,or processdisclosed,or representsthat its use wouldnot infringeprivatelyowned rights. Reference hereinto any specificcommercialproduct,process, or serviceby trade name, trademark, manufacturer,or otherwisedoes not necessarilyconstituteor imply its endorsement,recommendation,or favoringby the United States Governmentor any agency thereof. The views and opinionsof authors expressedherein do not necessarilystate or reflect those of the United StatesGovernment or any agency thereof.

A partnership of affluent nations is proposed to pursue the objective of universal electrification in the world with a challenging interim goal of bringing efficient and sustainable [2] electric services within 20 years to one billion people. Four plausible partners are the United States, the European Union, Japan with Australia and New Zealand, and, perhaps, the OPEC countries. The partners would provide part of the capital needed for electrification. This ''concessionary'' contribution should stimulate private investors and/or indigenous governments to supply the remainder of the capital needed, and to organize the management of each electrification project. The concessionary contribution would be designed for two objectives: (1) to help alleviate poverty, grow opportunities, and increase the quality of life in the developing world by providing electric services to all, and (2) to reduce future greenhouse gas emissions by supporting a low-carbon development path toward universal electrification. Paying for the difference in cost between high-efficiency end-use equipment and least-first-cost equipment would pursue the first objective. This concession would significantly lower the cost to the consumer of electricity services. The second objective would be pursued by paying the added cost (up to $ 1000/kW) of low-GHG or climate-friendly electricity generation (i.e., low or no-net carbon-emitting systems) over and above least-first-cost generation technology. This electrification of one billion people would require about 50 GWe of new electric generating capacity assuming 50 % capacity factor and 15 % line losses. The concessionary investment needed would be up to $ 50 billion for low-GHG generation plus about $ 30 billion for efficient end-use equipment. An additional 25 % of the concessionary contribution would go for training, program management and evaluation. The total is $ 100 billion (or $ 100/person) spread over 20 years, or about $ 1.25 billion per partner per year assuming an equal share for each partner. The remainder of the capital required is estimated to be about $ 170/person for the electrical system including hook-up, plus another $ 140/person for efficient end-use equipment purchased at the cost of least-first-cost equipment. The consumer would pay back these non-concessionary investments through the price of electricity and through a lease-purchase charge for end-use equipment. Provision of basic electricity services for newly electrified communities is estimated to require about 0.025 kW/person on average for all electric uses including domestic, commercial, agricultural and industrial uses, compared with current electricity services of about 1.8 kW/person in the UnitedStates and 0.3 kW/person globally. Thus, electric power per capita in these poor, mostly rural areas would be very small initially, just sufficient to meet basic necessities, and consistent with customers' ability to pay.