The commercialization of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has revolutionized the modern lifestyle, [1] leading society into an electrified, wireless, and sustainable future. With the continuous upsurge in demand for energy-dense devices, future advancement of batteries will require higher energy density, longer cycle life, and better safety. [2,3] Lithium metal anodes have a high specific capacity of ≈3800 mAh g −1 , [4,5] enabling the possibility of higher energy density batteries. However, commonly used liquid electrolytes in Li metal batteries (LMBs) often result in uncontrollable lithium dendrite growth, inadequate electrochemical and thermal stability, and high flammability. [2,4] As a result, limited performance and safety issues restrict the application and development of LMBs based on conventional liquid electrolytes.Compared to liquid electrolytes, solidstate electrolytes (SSEs) can potentially provide better safety, higher mechanical strength, and excellent chemical and electrochemical stability. [4,[6][7][8][9][10] SSEs can be grouped into three categories: inorganic solid electrolytes, [11][12][13][14] solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs), [15][16][17] and their hybrids. [18][19][20][21] Among them, inorganic solid electrolytes have the highest ionic conductivity [11] and excellent thermal stability, [2] but their interfacial compatibility, brittleness, and rigidity [22,23] are the challenges to be addressed towards their practical application. [9] In contrast, SPEs have good interfacial compatibility, [24] and excellent chemical and electrochemical stability, [18,24,25] but are lacking in thermal stability and mechanical strength, which generally makes them insufficient for meeting the requirements of high-safety and high-performance LMBs, [6,26,27] especially at high temperatures (>100 °C). [28] A hybrid of ceramic and polymer SSEs may offer good mechanical strength and safety, but it is still challenging to achieve ultrathin composite SSEs. Therefore, the design of a robust, ultrathin SSE that fulfills the above requirements is urgently needed.To achieve an energy density comparable to or larger than liquid electrolyte-based cells, ultrathin and lightweight solid electrolytes are necessary. [29,30] Compared to typical, thick ceramic electrolytes with thicknesses in the range of a few hundred microns, [14,[31][32][33] SPEs and their composites are easily engineered and manufacturable for tunable smaller All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) demonstrate great promise, offering high energy density, good thermal stability, and safe operation compared with traditional Li-ion batteries. Among various solid-state electrolytes (SSEs), solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) offer an attractive choice due to their thinness, low density, and good manufacturability. However, ultrathin SPEs that work with practical current densities or at high temperatures remain challenging, limiting applicable conditions of SPE-based batteries. Here, the authors report a novel scalable, ultrathin, and high-temperature-resistant ...
315equivalent of silver. There is also a memoir by Reuterdahl' on electrochemical equivalents and atomic weights.Makower2 has attempted to determine, from their rates of diffusion, the molecular weights of the radium and thorium emanations. For the radium emanation he finds the values 85.5, 97, and 99, assuming the substance to be monatomic. The thorium emanation is but slightly different. Makower suggests that the emanation may fill the vacant place in the periodic table between molybdenum and ruthenium, The atomic weight of radium itself has been discussed by Jones,B who, from a critical examination of all the evidence, is inclined to favor the higher of the two rival values, namely, Ra = 258.On the calculation of atomic weights, there is an interesting paper by J. Meyer.' An important suggestion by LutherJ is to refer combining weights, through the aid of Faraday's law, to the C. G. S. system of units. In this way the question of standards might be settled, and a rational table devised.
The Zeeman effect for Cr3+ in the trigonally distorted octahedral site of ZnAl2O4 has been measured for applied fields up to 32 kOe. The lines whose splittings were observed correspond to the transitions E(Ē)2 and E(2Ā)→42A2(Ē) and A24(2Ā) (the R lines) in fluorescence. For H applied along the crystal [001] axis all four sites in the unit cell are equivalent and one of the upper-state g values is zero. Under these circumstances some of the observed lines correspond to a direct observation of the ground-state splittings in the nonlinear region of level crossing. The anisotropy of the upper and lower state g factors was determined from experiments in which the sample was rotated around a [110] direction with the magnetic field applied perpendicular to the rotation direction. The g values determined from the spectra are compared with calculated values from crystal-field theory given in the literature.
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