Internal Standard X-Ray Spectrographic Procedure for the Determination of Calcium, Barium, Zinc, and Lead in Hydrocarbons.

External reference signal in x-ray energy spectrometry

“…This new interest may be due, in part, to the comparatively inexpensive support-coated open tubular (SCOT) glass capillary columns that are quite easy to produce with the commercially available Hupe-Busch apparatus (Hewlett-Packard Co., Avondale, Pa.). A number of publications (2)(3)(4) give complete instructions on how to coat the inner surface of glass capillary tubing with a liquid phase and, in general, the procedure is fairly simple for nonpolar liquid phases such as SE-30 (or OV-1). With a little care and attention to detail, 50-meter columns with at least 30 000 to 50 000 theoretical plates can be made without much difficulty.…”

“…Jones (2) employed an iron rod which was attached to the cover of a standard Philips sample holder. Burke et al (3) and Gunn (4) suspended disks of an appropriate reference element within the sample. The technique is used in these cases as an internal reference for the sample and serves the purpose of correcting for absorption effects and interelemental effects.…”

X-Ray Absorption and Emission

“…Antimony (86,288) Arsenic (86,280) Barium (88,256,267,375,437,589,608) Bismuth (436) Boron (274,275) Bromine (290,346) Cadmium (262,288) Calcium In cement materials and slags (43,370,472,473,495,531) In minerals and ores (25,256,265,266,287,334,452,498,521,538,567,580,692,593,607) In miscellaneous materials (91,236,539,596) In organics (88,267,375) In soils (38,319) Carbon (183,274,<...…”

“…In metals (12,293,428) In metals and ores (26,103,184,634) In miscellaneous materials (157) In organics (30,88,267,375)…”

“…By optimizing the depth of the disk, excellent compensation was achieved for variations in matrix and x-ray tube parameters. Pressed pellets can also be used as the reference standard (88).…”