Vicia faba plants show polymorphism to cobalt (Co) excess, expressed by a different degree of chlorophyll morphosis (CM)-from normally green (N) to yellow (Y) seedlings. For superoxide dismutase (SOD), the high V. faba polymorphism was revealed and increased by Co stress. Epigenetic mechanisms may be involved in both phenomena. For such reasons, we investigated the effect of 5-azacytosine (AzaC) and Na butyrate (NaBut) on CM induction, SOD polymorphism, and DNA methylation-demethylation events in Co(NO(3) )(2) affected plants, without or with AzaC or NaBut. CMs were induced after treatment of seeds for 8 h with 7.5 mM Co(NO(3) )(2) plus 12 h with H(2) O or 8 h with H(2) O plus 12 h with Co(NO(3) )(2) . In the same order AzaC and NaBut were applied in concentrations equimolar to Co(NO(3) )(2) . SOD isoforms were investigated electrophoretically, and for DNA methylation-demethylation events the Aina [Aina et al. (2004) Physiol Plant 121:472-480] system was applied upon using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method employing restrictases MspI and HpaII. The effect of AzaC and NaBut on CM induction in combination with Co was unclear. Posttreatment with Co was more effective than Co-pretreatment. SOD polymorphism was significantly strengthened by NaBut. Detection of DNA methylation-demethylation events depended on the primers used for RAPD analysis. With AP5 and MP4 primers, DNA demethylation was observed in N-seedlings after exposure to Co, AzaC or NaBut applied separately. With primer A6, only DNA methylation events were determined in N-seedlings from seeds exposed to Co or Co-AzaC, and in Y-seedlings after Co-AzaC or Co-NaBut treatment. UPGMA grouping of the results showed that all N-seedlings comprised one common cluster after Co exposure, independently of treatment combinations (Co alone, Co with AzaC, Co with NaBut). On the contrary, no significant differences were determined in SOD polymorphism among the most resistant N-seedlings and the most severely affected Y-seedlings.
The effects of auxin inhibitors and 2,4-D suggest that ectopic auxin maxima or deficiencies arise in various regions of the inflorescence/flower primordia. Based on the phenotypic instability observed, definite trends in the development of ectopic flower structures may be detected, from insignificant outgrowths on awns to flowers with sterile organs. Phenotypically unstable barley double mutants provide a highly promising genetic system for the investigation of gene expression modules and trend orders.
We studied genetic diversity within and among populations of warty cabbage (Bunias orientalis L.), which is an alien species in Lithuania and other Baltic countries. In Lithuania, this weed colonises two main types of habitats: railway/roadsides and meadows on riversides. The aim of this study was to assess the genetic structure of invasive populations of B. orientalis in Lithuania and consider the impact of diverse habitats on the partitioning of genetic diversity using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) carried out on the basis of ISSR showed that there is high genetic differentiation (46%) among populations of B. orientalis, which is probably caused by the founder effect and limited gene flow. However, we observed no impact of habitat on the genetic difference among populations. Similar levels of ISSR polymorphic loci were observed in riverside (P = 31.67%) and railway/roadsides (P = 30.51%) populations. UPGMA cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) also did not show grouping of studied populations according to habitat type. High genetic differentiation among populations, as indicated by ISSR markers, confirm multiple independent introductions of this species in Lithuania.
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