Practicing sports, as well as physical activity in general, contributes to a healthy lifestyle, helps to prevent numerous chronic diseases, and plays a therapeutic role in addressing a number of cognitive and psychological disorders (such as depression, distorted body image and self-perception, low self-esteem). As regards students, freshmen with higher physical capabilities can better adapt to new college environment, which in turn influences their well-being, psychological state and ability to study. The aim of our study was to detect the level of emotional burnout and individual psychological characteristics of the university students, engaged in amateur sports. It was shown that the group of amateur sportsmen demonstrated higher level of arousal and mobility of neural processes, and lower level of neuroticism, lower level of neurotization, anxiety, psychic tension and depression. This allows us to conclude that the type of nervous system may define the disposition towards the physical activity, and the strength of nervous system determines the ability to achieve success in sports. Our data indicate that practicing sports prevents development of burnout, reduces the negative impact of daily emotional stress, and provides a socially acceptable way to express aggression. Keywords: amateur sportsmen, typological and personality traits, burnout
The objective of the study was to classify the existing methods of the TV news content selection, and to assess the advantages and shortcomings of each approach. To achieve this goal, the following tasks have been performed: 1) considering the existing approaches to the selection of the TV news content, applied in the media effects studies; 2) summarizing and classifying the approaches used for the selection of the TV news stories for experiments in the media effects studies; 3) analysing the advantages and disadvantages of each technique of the experimental selection of the TV news content. The research was conducted through the use of scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, transition from the abstract to the concrete, and document review. Several criteria were applied to the selection of the studies to be included in the review of methods of the TV news materials selection: 1) only those experimental articles and thesis were selected, in which the TV news was the independent variable, and the reaction of surveyed people was the dependent variable; 2) the articles and theses should include a clear description of the methods of the TV news selection.Results and Conclusions. The TV news content was examined as a basic material for experiments in social communications. Based on the academic publications of the American and European scientists, we elaborated the classification of methods for the media content selection in the media effects studies. Different approaches to the selection of news material were proposed. According to the proposed classification, all methods of the media content selection were divided into the primary methods (pool method) and secondary methods (Self-Assessment Mannequin test; semantic differential method; R. Likert emotion assessment scale; J.B. Haskins scale for the good-bad news assessment). The validity and reliability of these techniques was proved by the studies in the TV news effects.KEYWORDS: media effects; media stimuli; news story; selection method; experiment. Резюме У дослідженні розглянуто новинний контент телебачення як базовий матеріал для експе-риментів у соціальних комунікаціях. За науковими працями американських та європейсь-ких учених запропоновано класифікацію методів відбору контенту засобів масової кому-нікації у контексті дослідницької парадигми медіаефектів. Пропонуються різні підходи до відбору новинного матеріалу. Згідно з наведеною класифікацією, всі методики відбору новинного контенту розділені на первинні (метод пулу) та вторинні (тест Self-Assessment Mannequin, метод семантичного диференціалу, шкала Р. Лікерта для позначення емоцій, шкала Дж. Хаскінса для оцінки позитивності / негативності новин). Валідність і надійність цих методик доведена їх успішним застосуванням у дослідженнях медіавпливів, зокрема у працях із ефектів телевізійних новин. Ключові слова: медіаефект, медіастимул, новинний сюжет, методика відбору, експеримент.Гаврилец Ю.Д., Ризун В.В., Тукаев С.В., Хилько М.Н. Объективизация субъективно-сти: мировой ...
n this study, a scientific interpretation of escape and entertainment TV viewing motives is considered in the view of Uses and Gratifications Theory. More specifically, it is analysed how the TV viewing motives, initially elaborated for general TV use, are important to the TV news consumption. How strong are the motivations to escape and seek for entertainment in TV newscasts? Given that primary goal of TV news viewing is obtaining information about the society and the world, TV news largely perform the instrumental role. However, in digital era, TV news are a combination of hard news (serious newsworthy topics, with analytical approach) and soft news (entertaining news items that rely mainly on attracting viewers’ attention, and relief after watching hard news). After TV viewers return home, there is usually no matter what to watch, but it is important just to relax. Though the amount of soft news is relatively small, it was studied how strong viewers’ motive is to watch an average TV newscast as a means to escape or being entertained. Our study indicates that TV news has to be considered within two motivational patterns elaborated by U&G scholars for general TV use: instrumental and ritualistic viewing. Escape and entertainment motives are indisputable attributes of ritualistic use, whereas informational or surveillance motive leads to instrumental use. Within Uses and Gratifications Theory, the concepts of escapism and entertainment occupy central positions in the row of TV viewing motives. However, they are often considered as a motivation to watch entertainment TV – fictional or reality-based programmes. But specific motivational structure that drives viewers to watch TV news remain largely meagre and divergent. In this study there was analysed the evidence that indicate various extents of strength of escapism and entertainment motives towards TV news viewing. Notwithstanding some criticisms, U&G proved to be an enduring scientific approach. In U&G research, watching TV news is regarded as a process, aimed at obtaining messages about the world and neighbourhood, as well as information necessary for everyday decision making by the viewer and her/his relatives. In recent decades, the infotainment genre or soft news has been becoming more popular, and more and more tabloid TV stations tend to consider that TV news should entertain the viewers not less than to inform, or even more.
The purpose of this study was to identify the impact of TV news on the perception and processing of emotional footage of a historical documentary. We noted that the emotional frames taken from TV news stories are relatively weak emotional stimuli compared to the emotional frames of historical documentary. The subjects exposed to the pre-stimulus evaluated the Holocaust pictures as more unpleasant and more activating than those not exposed it. The event-related potentials (ERP) recorded during the presentation of the negative (historical) images had various amplitudes of oscillations due to the preliminary affective impact of TV news footage. The amplitude of the frontal ERP component that related to the decision-making (P300) was bigger in the group without preliminary exposure to the emotional TV news frames due to the reduced sensitivity to the content of images. In this case, the historical images attracted less attention and demanded less emotional effort for emotional evaluation of visual information, analysis, retrieval of information from memory and semantic processes, namely searching for the meaning of the pictures (occipital P300 and the late positive potential). Short-term media effects include alterations of sensitivity towards the emotional content of visual information. Keywords: Emotion; violence; Holocaust TV news;
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