The publication explores the phenomenology and content of 'soft law' in the inter national and national law and reveals the designation of 'soft law' in protecting the electoral rights of the citizens. 'Soft law' is intended to mean optional interna tional documents, most of which are resolutions of the intergovernmental organi sations containing statements, commitments, guidelines, common positions or statements on policy or intentions. 'Soft law' documents are usually adopted by the statutory bodies of the international organisations on issues that reflect new problems, tendencies or trends in the field of electoral law, for which there is no political will or the accordance of all the member states in the form of a classical international treaty. When it comes to the content, the 'soft law' documents are all kinds of state ments, obligations, guidelines, codes of conduct, codes of ethics, guidelines and standards, common positions or statements of policy or intentions.
The article outlines the international standards for the regulation of lobbying. These standards were introduced at four international organizations and supra national associations: 1) the European Union; 2) the Council of Europe; 3) the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; 4) the Commonwealth of Independent States. The article states that the key reason for the introduction of standards for the regulation of lobbying at the international level was consider able corruption in the adoption of legal acts. It is concluded that latent and unregu lated lobbying can seriously undermine public confidence in the institution of government, especially in the countries of the socalled "new democracy". Inter national regulation of lobbying takes the form of resolutions, procedural rules, guidelines, recommendations and model legislation.Notably, the first steps towards international regulation of lobbying were taken by the institutions of the European Union. Today EU standards for the regulation of lobbying is based on a series of articles set out in the EU-founding treaties and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. EU standards for the regulation of lobbying influence not only the EU Member States, but it also extends to EU Partner Countries. Significant steps in the implementation of international standards for the regulation of lobbying are being constantly carried out by the Council of Europe. The establishment of CE standards for the regulation of lob bying is reflected in the activity of statutory bodies of the Council of Europe and its semi-autonomous bodies. In recent years a lot of work on the strengthening of international standards for lobbying regulation has been done by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. To help address the concerns with transparency and integrity in lobbying, the OECD Member Countries adopted in 2010 a Recommendation on Principles for Transparency and Integrity in Lobbying
Despite the rapid growth rate, the IT sector of Ukraine is characterized by a weak competitive position due to work in the lowcost segment and growing competition from companies located in low-income countries; mainly outsourcing model of IT business development, which is determined by a low level of margins. This model of development of the IT sector of Ukraine is due, in particular, to the low efficiency of competitiveness management technologies used by IT companies. The latter actualizes the development of adequate mechanisms for managing the competitiveness of companies in the IT sector of Ukraine. The purpose of the paper is to develop the theory and procedural guidelines for the formation of assessment and forecasting of the level of competitiveness of companies in the IT sector. The works in the field of cognitive management, cognitive control, adaptive management, proactive management, competitiveness management are the theoretical-methodological basis of the paper. The assessment and forecasting of the state of the environment of 20 IT companies of Ukraine were carried out, the inertial scenario of their development was created, and forecasting of threats to sustainable operation of the companies was carried out. Comparison of the current and forecast level of competitiveness allowed to assess the stability of competitive positions of the companies, to identify the IT companies, for which it is advisable to develop proactive strategies aimed at reversing the negative trends, which are formed according to forecast data on the accepted competitiveness management strategy. It was demonstrated that the negative consequences of the "shock" of COVID-19 (in particular, 61 of the 68 largest companies in the IT sector (90 %) included in the S & P500 index are characterized by negative market value dynamics) lead to the need to consider adaptive strategy as a focus strategy.
Artykuł bada problemy teoretyczne i praktyczne dotyczące wykorzystania poten cjału demokracji bezpośredniej do tworzenia i wdrażania państwowej polityki przeciwdziałania epidemiom. Artykuł nakierowany jest na przestudiowanie demo kracji bezpośredniej jako narzędzia interakcji państwa z jego obywatelami podczas przeciwdziałania epidemiom na przestrzeni wieków, od starożytności aż do czasów pandemii koronawirusa COVID19. W celu zbadania poruszanych kwestii zasto sowano metodę porównawczą, porównawczoprawną, systemowostrukturalną, dialektyczną, historyczną oraz inne metody naukowe. Zastosowanie wyżej wymie nionych metod naukowych opiera się na interdyscyplinarnej podstawie badawczej.
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