International standards for the regulation of lobbying (EU, CE, OECD, CIS)

Abstract

The article outlines the international standards for the regulation of lobbying. These standards were introduced at four international organizations and supra national associations: 1) the European Union; 2) the Council of Europe; 3) the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; 4) the Commonwealth of Independent States. The article states that the key reason for the introduction of standards for the regulation of lobbying at the international level was consider able corruption in the adoption of legal acts. It is concluded that latent and unregu lated lobbying can seriously undermine public confidence in the institution of government, especially in the countries of the socalled "new democracy". Inter national regulation of lobbying takes the form of resolutions, procedural rules, guidelines, recommendations and model legislation.Notably, the first steps towards international regulation of lobbying were taken by the institutions of the European Union. Today EU standards for the regulation of lobbying is based on a series of articles set out in the EU-founding treaties and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. EU standards for the regulation of lobbying influence not only the EU Member States, but it also extends to EU Partner Countries. Significant steps in the implementation of international standards for the regulation of lobbying are being constantly carried out by the Council of Europe. The establishment of CE standards for the regulation of lob bying is reflected in the activity of statutory bodies of the Council of Europe and its semi-autonomous bodies. In recent years a lot of work on the strengthening of international standards for lobbying regulation has been done by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. To help address the concerns with transparency and integrity in lobbying, the OECD Member Countries adopted in 2010 a Recommendation on Principles for Transparency and Integrity in Lobbying

External Maritime Policy of the EU: A Unilateral Initiative of Greece in the IMO

“…The Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) was established in 1992 as an intergovernmental forum for regional cooperation in the Baltic Sea region [1].…”

“…Cooperation at all levels contributes to the promotion of the national interests of the Member States. [1] In this context, maritime groups are also active in Greece, which exert an influence on the formulation of European maritime policy, supporting Greek interests in a network of give and take relationships within the EU.…”