Intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccine is the preferred first line treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder carcinoma (NMIBC) in order to prevent recurrence and progression of cancer. There is ongoing need for the rational selection of i) BCG dose, ii) frequency of BCG administration along with iii) synergistic adjuvant therapy and iv) a reliable set of biochemical markers relevant to tumor response. In this review we evaluate cellular and molecular markers pertinent to the immunological response triggered by the BCG instillation and respective mathematical models of the treatment. Specific examples of markers include diverse immune cells, genetic polymorphisms, miRNAs, epigenetics, immunohistochemistry and molecular biology ‘beacons’ as exemplified by cell surface proteins, cytokines, signaling proteins and enzymes. We identified tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I, a combination of Ki-67/CK20, IL-2, IL-8 and IL-6/IL-10 ratio as the most promising markers for both pre-BCG and post-BCG treatment suitable for the simulation studies.The intricate and patient-specific nature of these data warrants the use of powerful multi-parametral mathematical methods in combination with molecular/cellular biology insight and clinical input.

Uropathogens in many Asian countries had high resistance to broad-spectrum antibiotics. Knowledge of regional and local resistance data and prudent use of antibiotics are important for proper management of UTI in Asian countries.

In this review, we evaluate key molecular pathways and markers of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Overexpression and activation of EGFR, p63, and EMT genes are suggestive of basal MIBC subtype generally responsive to chemotherapy. Alterations in PPARc, ERBB2/3, and FGFR3 gene products and their signaling along with deregulated p53, cytokeratins KRT5/ 6/14 in combination with the cellular proliferation (Ki-67), and cell cycle markers (p16) indicate the need for more radical treatment protocols. Similarly, the "bell-shape" dynamics of Shh expression levels may suggest aggressive MIBC. A panel of diverse biological markers may be suitable for simulation studies of MIBC and development of an optimized treatment protocol. We conducted a critical evaluation of PubMed/Medline and SciFinder databases related to MIBC covering the period 2009-2015. The free-text search was extended by adding the following keywords and phrases: bladder cancer, metastatic, muscle-invasive, basal, luminal, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cancer stem cell, mutations, immune response, signaling, biological markers, molecular markers, mathematical models, simulation, epigenetics, transmembrane, transcription factor, kinase, predictor, prognosis. The resulting selection of ca 500 abstracts was further analyzed in order to select the latest publications relevant to MIBC molecular markers of immediate clinical significance.Vast majority (>90%) of bladder carcinomas that arise from the transitional cells of the bladder mucosal epithelium are noninvasive papillary tumors that are relatively easy to deal with. However, if not detected and treated properly, at least one-third of these cancers ultimately invade the bladder wall and metastize into neighboring organs or lymph nodes by undergoing radical molecular and cellular changes. The resulting muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is a heterogeneous group of aggressive epithelial tumors with a high rate of metastasis and poor 5-year survival rate of 30-50%. As noticed by numerous clinical research teams, the number of somatic mutations exhibited by MIBC is notoriously high.

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Background and Purpose: The aim of the study was to improve the diagnostic and treatment approach for the medical care for patients with Schistosoma-associated bladder cancer (SA-BC). Material and Methods: The survey results the study of 56 patients with gross hematuria in medical institutions of the Province Benguela (Angola) since 2007 to 2012. Group A (n=35) included patients before applying the standardized diagnostic algorithm. Group B (n=21) included patients using the new organizational format, in hospital outpatient’s. Results: The progression to locally advanced stage of SA-BC was verified at significantly higher rate (80%). In patients from group A, while verified locally advanced SA-BC stays at low level (66,7%) in group B. Conclusion: The combined usage of urine cytology test, ultrasonography and cystoscopy at the increased proliferative process caused by Schistosoma haematobium (SH) allows to reveal diagnose SA-BC in early stages, subject to on condition of patient’s admission in hospital outpatient care structures of specialized medical institutions.