Introduction/purpose: The frequency hopping spread spectrum (FH-SS) technique assumes the carrier generated by the syntesizer to hop from frequency to frequency over a wide bandwidth, according to a pseudonoise code sequence defined by the code sequence generator. The article presents the history, principles and applications of the FH-SS technique. Both military and commercial applications are discussed. Methods: This article presents an overview of data from the technical literature, with appropriate comments. Results: After presenting the history and principles of the FH-SS technique, the article summarizes its use with examples of military and commercial applications. The importance of using FH-SS in the described applications is highlighted. Conclusion: The FH-SS technique has been successfully implemented in many military and commercial technologies due to its high protection against interference, making communication difficult for reconnaissance and eavesdropping, and its ability to provide code division multiple access.
Introduction/purpose: The article presents a model of a slow frequency hopping radio in the case of repeater jamming. The aim is to analyze the effectiveness of repeater jamming to a military tactical slow frequency hopping radio. Methods: It is assumed that the repeater jammer will be successful in detecting signals with slow frequency hopping at each hop and that it will perform successful partial jamming of the intercepted communication. Under partial jamming, it is considered that a certain part of the transmission time of each hop will be jammed. A theoretical analysis of the impact of a repeater jammer on a frequency hopping radio was performed based on the definition of the total probability of error. Various parameters that affect the segment of hop duration under jamming were considered. Results: The obtained results show that high effective jamming is achieved even when a short segment of hop duration is jammed. We discuss the conditions for the repeater jammer to detect the signal during each hop and emit the jamming signal with the required strength. It has been shown that increasing the frequency hopping rate can significantly reduce the effectiveness of the repeater jammer. Conclusion: Repeater jammers are highly effective against slow frequency hopping radio communication systems.
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