Frequency hopping spread spectrum: History, principles and applications

Abstract

Introduction/purpose: The frequency hopping spread spectrum (FH-SS) technique assumes the carrier generated by the syntesizer to hop from frequency to frequency over a wide bandwidth, according to a pseudonoise code sequence defined by the code sequence generator. The article presents the history, principles and applications of the FH-SS technique. Both military and commercial applications are discussed. Methods: This article presents an overview of data from the technical literature, with appropriate comments. Results: After presenting the history and principles of the FH-SS technique, the article summarizes its use with examples of military and commercial applications. The importance of using FH-SS in the described applications is highlighted. Conclusion: The FH-SS technique has been successfully implemented in many military and commercial technologies due to its high protection against interference, making communication difficult for reconnaissance and eavesdropping, and its ability to provide code division multiple access.

A Study on the Derivation of Atmospheric Water Vapor Based on Dual Frequency Radio Signals and Intersatellite Communication Networks

“…Various frequency reconfiguration techniques are used in satellite communications to optimize performance, increase measurement accuracy, and ensure reliable communication under different conditions. Frequency reconfiguration algorithms used in satellite communications include dynamic spectrum access (DSA) [53], cognitive radio-based frequency reconfiguration [54], frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) [55], adaptive beamforming and frequency steering [56], and adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) [57]. DSA algorithms allow satellites to adjust their frequency utilization dynamically depending on the availability of spectra in their operational environment.…”