Background:The increased infantile obesity rates are related to faulty dietary intake (DI) and physical activity (PA) habits, that are probably related to a prolonged stay at school during the day. Aim: To investigate DI and PA among elementary and high school students and their association with type of school that they attend. Material and Methods: Quality of DI and PA was assessed, using specially designed questionnaires, in 1136 elementary school and 1854 high school children attending public schools managed by city halls (ME), subsidized private (SE) and private (PE) of the Metropolitan Region. The responses to the questionnaires, were qualified using a numeric scale that ranged from 0 to 10 points. A higher score indicated a better habit. Results: Percentile 25 (p 25 th) PA score was 4 and 3 in elementary and high school children respectively and the p 25 th for DI were 5.7 and 4.3, respectively. No differences in DI scores, according to the type of school, were observed. However, physical activity scores were significantly lower in children and adolescents from ME schools than from PE schools. Sixty percent of ME schools had less than 2 hours per week of programmed physical activity compared to more than 3 hours, in 70% of PE schools. Elementary school children and high school adolescents expended 8 and 11 hours per day, respectively, in minimum expenditure activities. Conclusions: There is a greater deterioration of PA than DI among school age children and adolescents. Those attending ME schools have the worst physical activity scores. This fact must be addressed in future healthy lifestyle encouragement policies (Rev Méd Chile 2008; 136: 53-63). (
Background:Infantile obesity is associated with metabolic disturbances (hiperinsulinism, impaired glucose, dislypidemia) (Rev Méd Chile 2005; 133: 795-804).
Effects of psychological support as an adjunct to a weight reducing program among obese children Background: Disrupted eating behaviors and psychological issues can have a role in the development of childhood obesity. Aim: To assess the effects of psychological support as an adjunct to the treatment of obesity among children. Material and Methods: Retrospective analysis of a group of 152 obese children aged 3 to 16 years, who received medical, nutritional and physical training treatment. Seventy three (Group I) were invited to participate in a protocol of psychological support and 79 formed the control group (Group 2). Body mass index, body fat mass, waist circumference, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, eating and physical activity habits were evaluated. Family structure, history of food rejection, psychological, physical and social development, and adherence to the program were also analyzed. To analyze responses to treatment, Group I was further divided into those who attended the psychology sections (intervened group) and those who did not attend (non intervened group). Results: At baseline, there were no differences in anthropometric, metabolic, familial and psychological profile among Groups I and 2. Family structure, eating behaviors and physical and social development were normal. Those associated with lack of control appeared as negative characteristics. There was a significant improvement in eating habits and physical activity among intervened children of Group 1 and Group 2. No significant change in weight was recorded in all three groups. Compliance with the program was significantly better among intervened children in Group 1 (62.1% at sixth months), compared with non intervened children of Group 1 (15.9%) and Group 2 (30.3%). Conclusions: Obese children who attended psychological support therapy as an adjunct to a weight reducing program, had a better compliance with treatment but did not achieve a higher weight loss.
Physical activity in normal and low height for age Chilean school children irfe obtained for a week day and a weekend-A trained observer recorded physical activities performed by each c u i d along a 20 rrrutes breck in schoc! duties. Most acrivities were of sedentary type. A striking findrg wcs 'he time soent en sdenfary act'viries such as sleeping and lync dow^ ( 1 1 .5 ± 1.1 to 1 2.0 ± 1 .4 nous in normal and small for height boys and 1 1 .9 ± 1 .2 to 1 2.2 ± 1 .6 hours in normcl and snail for -eight grls). Both boys and girls spent an averace 3 hours a day watching TV on school days and 4 hours or more cr weekends. No s'gnificant differences in time aistr'bution of different physical activities were found oefween normal aid short stature children. Direct cbserva'ion showed that normal aoys spend significantly larger proportion of iheir time |29.6%j :n moderate and heavy activries than short boys and girls and tna" norrra' girls (p < 0.05J. Srra'l for age child'en encage less Ine in '-igh expendi f ure cctiv'ties than "ormal children, Thus, in general 'hese chilean schoc : children showed sedentary life styles, with minimal physical actviry and they devoted 30% of t^eir daily time to watch TV.
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