Coupling several natural and synthetic lures with aggregation pheromones from the palm weevils Rhynchophorus palmarum and R. ferrugineus reveals a synergy that results in an increase in pest captures. The combined attraction of pure pheromones, ethyl acetate, and decaying sweet and starchy plant tissue increases the net total of mass-trapped weevils. The 2018 entrance of the red palm weevil (RPW) into South America has threatened palm-product income in Brazil and other neighboring countries. The presence of the new A1 quarantine pest necessitates the review of all available options for a sustainable mass-trapping, monitoring, and control strategy to ultimately target both weevils with the same device. The effective lure-blend set for the mass-trapping system will attract weevils in baiting and contaminating stations for entomopathogenic fungi that the same weevils will spread.
This study focuses on interacting with insects and their ectosymbiont (lato sensu) microorganisms for environmentally safe plant production and protection. Some cases help compare ectosymbiont microorganisms that are insect-borne, -driven, or -spread relevant to endosymbionts’ behaviour. Ectosymbiotic bacteria can interact with insects by allowing them to improve the value of their pabula. In addition, some bacteria are essential for creating ecological niches that can host the development of pests. Insect-borne plant pathogens include bacteria, viruses, and fungi. These pathogens interact with their vectors to enhance reciprocal fitness. Knowing vector-phoront interaction could considerably increase chances for outbreak management, notably when sustained by quarantine vector ectosymbiont pathogens, such as the actual Xylella fastidiosa Mediterranean invasion episode. Insect pathogenic viruses have a close evolutionary relationship with their hosts, also being highly specific and obligate parasites. Sixteen virus families have been reported to infect insects and may be involved in the biological control of specific pests, including some economic weevils. Insects and fungi are among the most widespread organisms in nature and interact with each other, establishing symbiotic relationships ranging from mutualism to antagonism. The associations can influence the extent to which interacting organisms can exert their effects on plants and the proper management practices. Sustainable pest management also relies on entomopathogenic fungi; research on these species starts from their isolation from insect carcasses, followed by identification using conventional light or electron microscopy techniques. Thanks to the development of omics sciences, it is possible to identify entomopathogenic fungi with evolutionary histories that are less-shared with the target insect and can be proposed as pest antagonists. Many interesting omics can help detect the presence of entomopathogens in different natural matrices, such as soil or plants. The same techniques will help localize ectosymbionts, localization of recesses, or specialized morphological adaptation, greatly supporting the robust interpretation of the symbiont role. The manipulation and modulation of ectosymbionts could be a more promising way to counteract pests and borne pathogens, mitigating the impact of formulates and reducing food insecurity due to the lesser impact of direct damage and diseases. The promise has a preventive intent for more manageable and broader implications for pests, comparing what we can obtain using simpler, less-specific techniques and a less comprehensive approach to Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
Red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus was described as pest from tropical
Rhynchophorus palmarum es plaga relevante en palmeras (Arecaceae) en Brasil. Su respuesta comportamental (olfatometría) y electrofisiológica (electroantenografía, sola y acoplada a cromatografía) se estudió frente a compuestos orgánicos volátiles emitidos por hongos entomopatógenos nativos aislados en Coruripe (Alagoas, Brasil) mediante aireación durante 24 horas. El aislado CVAD01 no originó respuesta comportamental significativa, pero el CVAD02 originó atracción significativa en machos. Los bioensayos electrofisiológicos mostraron actividad antenal en los dos sexos de R. palmarum frente a los componentes volátiles de los extractos de los dos hongos identificados. Los análisis cromatográficos de los extractos indicaron perfiles de compuestos orgánicos volátiles con la presencia de dos alcoholes, tres hidrocarburos aromáticos, dos monoterpenos, tres cetonas y tres hidrocarburos lineales. Rhynchophorus palmarum is a major pest of palms (Arecaceae) in Brasil. Both the behavioral (olfactometry) and electrophysiological (electroantennography, both alone and coupled to chromatography) was studied against volatile organic compounds emitted by native entomopathogenic fungi isolated from Coruripe (Alagoas, Brazil). Fungal isolates were identified by aeration system for 24 hours. CVAD01 did not cause a significant behavioral response; however, males were significantly attracted to CVAD02 extracts. Electrophysiological bioassays showed antennal activity, in both sexes, to volatile components of the two identified native fungi. The chromatographic analysis of the extracts indicated profiles of volatile organic compounds with the presence of three alcohol, three aromatics, three ketones, and four hydrocarbons.
The rhizosphere is the region that has direct influence from the roots. This is the place where most of the interactions between microorganisms and plants occur. Studies involving the ecology of microbial communities from the rhizosphere became more frequent after the first reports of biological interactions of microorganisms with plants that influence physically and chemically modify the soil surrounding. According to these hypotheses, the rhizosphere mycobiota provides the development of plants through various mechanisms, direct and indirect. Thus, the objective of this review was to explain the aspects that provide characterizing these microorganisms as beneficial to plants in view of their applicability to agro-ecosystems. Therefore, it is stated that rhizospheric fungi have the solubilization of phosphorus (P), assimilating this nutrient for plants, promoting growth through the production or stimulation of the production of growth regulators such as 3-indole acetic acid, and control of phytopathogenic agents such as other filamentous fungi, and also phytonemamatodes. Therefore, it is possible to observe the importance of the constant observance of the action of these microorganisms in terms of their ecological role due to the agro-ecosystem.
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