The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora.
RESUMOA mineração provoca degradação intensa no ambiente. Em consequência dos impactos dessa atividade, a legislação determina a elaboração e execução de Planos de Recuperação de Áreas Degradadas (PRADs) como medida de reabilitação do ambiente degradado. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a avaliação de áreas de mineração reabilitadas com plantio de Eucalyptus sp. ou espécies arbóreas nativas, utilizando como parâmetros a composição, a diversidade florística implantada e as condições da regeneração natural. Foram identificadas 41 espécies distribuídas em 39 gêneros e 22 famílias. Observaram-se 16 espécies de novos regenerantes no conjunto das áreas. O levantamento florístico revelou menor diversidade na área com Eucalyptus sp. do que nas áreas revegetadas com espécies nativas. Assim, o uso de espécies nativas na recuperação de áreas degradadas se mostrou mais adequado à diversidade florística.Palavras-chave: degradação, mineração, recuperação. Natural Regeneration of Plant Species in Revegetated Mining Areas ABSTRACTMining activities causes severe environmental degradation. In light of the activity impacts, the legislation determine the development and implementation of Recovery of Degraded Areas Plans (PRDA) as a measure to restore the degraded environment. This study aimed to evaluate the mining areas rehabilitated by planting Eucalyptus sp. or native species, using parameters such as composition, implanted floristic diversity and conditions of natural regeneration. We identified 41 species in 39 genera and 22 families, and noted 16 new regenerating species in the whole area. The floristic survey revealed lower diversity in the area with Eucalyptus sp. than in the area revegetated with native species Thus, the use of native species in degraded land recovery was more appropriate due to the floristic diversity.
ResumoNo Brasil são referidas para Asteraceae 2.065 espécies distribuídas em 278 gêneros, sendo a terceira maior família das angiospermas no país. O Raso da Catarina é uma das ecorregiões do domínio Caatinga, caracterizada pelo clima quente e seco e uma caatinga arbustiva densa. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar o levantamento florístico de Asteraceae da Ecorregião Raso da Catarina, discutir o ambiente de ocorrência e apresentar uma chave de identificação para as espécies. Foram realizadas 17 expedições mensais a campo no período de abril/2012 a agosto/2013 e análise das coleções dos herbários: ALCB, BAH, CEPEC, HRB, HUEFS e HUNEB. A família foi representada por 52 espécies, 41 gêneros e 14 tribos. Em ordem de riqueza, representam a diversidade local de Asteraceae as tribos: Vernonieae (11 spp.), Heliantheae (10 spp.), Eupatorieae (9 spp.), Tageteae (5 spp.), Astereae (4 spp.), Senecioneae (3 spp.), Gnaphalieae e Millerieae (2 spp.) cada, Cichorieae, Coriopsideae, Gochnatieae, Inuleae, Nassauvieae e Neurolaene (1 spp.) cada. Os gêneros mais representativos foram Lepidaploa, Pectis e Trichogonia, com três espécies cada. Sete espécies são endêmicas de Caatinga. O hábito herbáceo é predominante e as espécies encontradas ocorrem principalmente na caatinga aberta. Palavras-chave: caatinga, Compositae, florística, semiarido. AbstractThe Asteraceae represent the third largest family of flowering plants in Brazil comprising 2.070 species distributed in 280 genera. Raso da Catarina is an ecoregion in the Caatinga domain characterized by warm and dry climate and a schruby xeric vegetation. The current study aims (1) to survey the Asteraceae flora in Raso da Catarina; (2) to discuss environmental occurrence and (3) to provide an identification key. Samples were collected during 17 monthly expeditions from April/2012 to August/2013 and analyzed in the following herbaria collections: ALCB, BAH, CEPEC, HRB, HUEFS and HUNEB. The family was represented in the region by 52 species, 42 genera and 14 tribes. In order of richness, the local diversity of Asteraceae is presented by the tribes: Vernonieae (11 spp.), Heliantheae (10 spp.), Eupatorieae (9 spp.), Tageteae (5 spp.), Astereae (4 spp.), Senecioneae (3 spp.), Gnaphalieae, and Millerieae (2 spp.), Cichorieae, Coriopsideae, Gochnatieae, Inuleae, Nassauvieae e Neurolaene (1 spp.) each. The most representative genera were Lepidaploa, Pectis and Trichogonia, with three species each. Seven species are endemic to Caatinga. The herbaceous habit is predominant among the species, which occurs mainly in less schruby open caatinga.
Eupatorieae (Asteraceae) is the largest tribe of the Phytomelanic Fruit Clade, mostly restricted to the western hemisphere. Phylogenetic studies in Eupatorieae recovered some clades endemic to the Brazilian rocky fields. In one of these clades Catolesia is composed up to now by only two species, C. mentiens and C. huperzioides and it is distinguished by characters such as sessile leaves, capitulescence or heads surrounded by leafy-bracts, convex to conical, paleaceous receptacle, and pappus absent. In this study, we propose a new species of Catolesia, C. monocephala, characterized by the pedunculate and solitary capitula at the apex of the branches, aciculate leaf laminae, conical, paleaceous receptacle, paleae 60–70, spatulate, apex acute, and 60–100 flowers per head. The new species is endemic to the rocky fields vegetation from Esbarrancado mountain in the Mucugê and Palmeira municipalities, in Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil.
Stylotrichium is a small genus in which all the five species are restricted to the rocky field vegetation (campo rupestre) in Chapada Diamantina, Bahia state, Brazil. From recent field collections in the area we have recognized a new species based on morphology. Stylotrichium hortensiae is distinguished by laminae oblanceolate to oblong (3.5–8 × 1–3 cm), greater number of flowers (35–45), anther connective appendage as long as wide, style 6.5 mm long, and pappus 1–1.5 mm long. A species description, illustrations, a key to the species, comments, and a distribution map are provided.
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