The mechanical properties of the material are essential to identify the material behavior of the structure. Predicting four-directional braided composites’ mechanical properties based on accurate modeling is an essential issue among researchers. In this research, the principle of minimum energy loss-based mechanics of structure genome was used for the two-step homogenization of three-dimensional (3D) four-directional braided composites. In the first step homogenization, the micro-scale model’s effective mechanical properties were decided by considering fibers and matrix; in the second step homogenization, the final effective mechanical properties of the meso-scale model were obtained by considering yarns and matrix. TexGen python script was implemented for accurate modeling of 3D four-directional braided cells with jamming effects. The current process sustainability was validated for 3D four-directional braided polymer matrix composites (PMCs) material by available finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental literature. The method is further extended for 3D four-directional braided ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) to confirm its versatility for standard composites. A commercial FEA was also performed on the meso-scale braided cell to validate the two-step homogenization results. This research explored fast and more accurate modeling and analysis techniques for 3D four-directional braided composites.

No abstract

Fiber-reinforced composite structures are used in different applications due to their excellent strength to weight ratio. Due to cost and tool handling issues in conventional manufacturing processes, like resin transfer molding (RTM) and autoclave, vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) is the best choice among industries. VARTM is highly productive and cheap. However, the VARTM process produces complex, lightweight, and bulky structures, suitable for mass and cost-effective production, but the presence of voids and fiber misalignment in the final processed composite influences its strength. Voids are the primary defects, and they cannot be eliminated completely, so a design without considering void defects will entail unreliability. Many conventional failure theories were used for composite design but did not consider the effect of voids defects, thus creating misleading failure characteristics. Due to voids, stress and strain uncertainty affects failure mechanisms, such as microcrack, delamination, and fracture. That’s why a proper selection and understanding of failure theories is necessary. This review discusses previous conventional failure theories followed by work considering the void’s effect. Based on the review, a few prominent theories were suggested to estimate composite strength in the void scenario because they consider the effect of the voids through crack density, crack, or void modeling. These suggested theories were based on damage mechanics (discrete damage mechanics), fracture mechanics (virtual crack closure technique), and micromechanics (representative volume element). The suggested theories are well-established in finite element modeling (FEM), representing an effective time and money-saving tool in design strategy, with better early estimation to enhance current design practices' effectiveness for composites. This paper gives an insight into choosing the failure theories for composites in the presence of voids, which are present in higher percentages in mass production and less-costly processes (VARTM).

The ankle joint of a powered ankle–foot orthosis (PAFO) is a prominent component, as it must withstand the dynamic loading conditions during its service time, while delivering all the functional requirements such as reducing the metabolic effort during walking, minimizing the stress on the user’s joint, and improving the gait stability of the impaired subjects. More often, the life of an AFO is limited by the performance of its joint; hence, a careful design consideration and material selection are required to increase the AFO’s service life. In the present work, a compact AFO joint was designed based on a worm gear mechanism with steel and brass counterparts due to the fact of its large torque transfer capability in a single stage, enabling a compact joint. Further, it provided an added advantage of self-locking due to the large friction that prevents backdrive, which is beneficial for drop-foot recovery. The design was verified using nonlinear finite element analysis for maximum torque situations at the ankle joint during normal walking. The results indicate stress levels within its design performance; however, it is recommended to select high-grade structural steel for the ankle shaft as the highest stresses in AFO were located on it.

A torque measurement method that combines the inverse magnetostrictive effect with twist angle measurement has been proposed in this paper. A Kalman filter and complementary filter are applied to significantly reduce the noises and errors in the proposed method. This new measurement block can detect the applied torque with an error of less than 1%. The proposed measurement method can be used in static and dynamic conditions.