BACKGROUND: Candida species can be either commensals or opportunistic pathogens with the ability to cause a variety of infections, ranging from superficial to life threatening. Nosocomial infections due to candida are also becoming increasingly important. Early and prompt diagnosis, proper treatment and prevention of candidemia due to biofilms pose a major challenge for microbiologists and clinicians worldwide. Added to this is the emerging trend of antifungal drug resistance among the biofilm producing strains of Candida. AIMS: The aim of this study was to detect biofilm production in Candida species isolated from various clinical samples obtained from patients hospitalized in Dr. B.R Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 108 Candida species (Candida albicans49 and non-albicans Candida59 species) isolated from various specimens (urine, blood, respiratory tract, genital samples, plastic devices and pus samples) were included in the study.The various candida isolates were identified by using conventional methods and their ability to produce biofilm was detected by the tube method. RESULTS: Out of 108 candida species, non-albicans Candida 59(54.63%) was the predominant species isolated. Biofilm positivity was seen with 71(65.74%) isolates and the biofilm production was observed more with non-albicans Candida species 44(61.97%) compared to C.albicans species 27(38.03%). Among the non-albicans Candida species, strong biofilm producers were C.krusei(80.77%) and C.tropicalis(72.73%). Biofilm positivity was found to be higher in the bloodstream Candida isolates (81.82%) compared to isolates from other sites. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests an increasing prevalence of non-albicans Candida species in the various clinical samples isolated and also shows them as strong biofilm producers compared to C.albicans species. These data suggest that, biofilm formation as a potential virulence factor might have a higher significance for non-albicans Candida species than for C.albicans and also that the biofilm structure varies with the different species and strains of candida, the nature of the colonized surface and its localization. Thus more remains to be determined about biofilms formed by the non-albicans Candida species as they are now frequently encountered species in catheter associated candidaemias.
BACKGROUND:Microorganisms growing in multilayered cell clusters embedded in a matrix of extracellular polysaccharide (slime) which facilitates the adherence of these microorganisms to biomedical surfaces and protect them from host immune system and antimicrobial therapy. There are various methods to detect biofilm production like Tissue Culture Plate (TCP) ,Tube method (TM) ,Modified Congo Red Agar Method (MCRA),bio luminescent assay ,piezoelectric sensors and fluorescent microscopic examination. OBJECTIVES :This study was conducted to compare three methods for the detection of biofilms and compare with antibiotic sensitivity pattern, in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. METHOD: This study was carried out at the Department of Microbiology Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Medical College from Dec 2011 to June 2012. Total number of 107 clinical Escherichia coli isolates were randomly selected from all age groups were subjected to biofilm detection methods and their antibiotic resistance pattern was compared. Isolates were identified by standard phenotypic methods. Biofilm detection was tested by TCP, TM and MCRA methods . Antibiotic susceptibility test of uropathogenic E coli was performed using Kirby -Bauer disc diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines. RESULTS:From the total of 107 clinical isolate 74 (69.1 %) isolates showed biofilm formation by all the TCP, TM, CRP methods. Biofilm forming isolates from catheter associated UTI showed drug resistance to more than 6 drugs. Only 2(13.3%) isolates from Asymptomatic UTI showed biofilm by TM & MCRA methods & were sensitive all drugs. Biofilm forming isolates from symptomatic UTI showed mixed drug resistance pattern. CONCLUSION:We conclude from our study that biofilm formation is more common in catheterized patients. TCP method is more quantitative and reliable method for the detection of biofilm forming micro-organisms as compared to TM and MCRA methods. So TCP method can be recommended for screening of biofilm as virulence marker in drug resistant E coli isolates.
This study was an attempt at developing, establishing, validating and comparing the modiÞ ed PAP method for detection of hetero-vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (h-VRSA) with the routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing (using the BSAC standardized disc diffusion method), minimum inhibitory concentrations of vancomycin using standard E-test methodology and the Hiramatsu's screening method. A total of 50 methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus obtained from various clinical specimens, along with the Mu 3 and Mu 50 strains as controls, were studied. No VRSA isolates were obtained. However, four of the test strains were positive by the Hiramatsu's screening method, of which only one isolate could be conÞ rmed by the modiÞ ed PAP analysis method. This isolate was a coloniser from the drain ß uid of a liver transplant recipient. The sensitivity, speciÞ city, positive predictive value and the overall efÞ ciency of the Hiramatsu's screening method with the modiÞ ed PAP analysis as the gold standard were found to be 100, 93.8, 25 and 94%, respectively. It is very essential for clinical laboratories to screen for h-VRSA, given the increasing use of glycopeptide antibiotics in therapy and the potential for failed therapy in patients infected with these strains.
BACKGROUND: Onychomycosis refers to fungal infection of nails with various etiological agents, involving dermatophytes, yeasts and moulds. It constitutes an important health problem because of its rising prevalence and under-diagnosis especially in developing countries. AIMS: To analyse the mycological and cultural characteristics of onychomycosis with respect to the various etiological agents. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Nail samples collected from patients attending the dermatology clinic of Dr B.R Ambedkar medical college were processed in the microbiology department of Dr B.R Ambedkar medical college. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nail clippings and subungual scrapings of patients with onychomycosis were subjected to KOH preparation. Culture was done on Sabouraud's dextrose agar medium and Sabouraud's dextrose agar with 5% chloramphenicol and cycloheximide. Species identification was done by colony characteristics, pigment production, slide culture and LPCB stain. RESULTS: Out of 98 cases, 73 showed the growth of fungus, amounting to 74.50% positivity. Among those 73 cases, the infective fungal agents predominantly were dermatophytes (54.80%), and the rest were due to yeasts (23.30%) and moulds(22%). Among the different species, Trichophyton rubrum (43.84%) accounted for the majority of dermatophytes; candida albicans (16.44%) was the predominant yeast; and aspergillus niger (16.44%) the commonest mould. The age group most commonly affected was 16-30yrs and males were commonly affected in our study. CONCLUSION: The present study highlights the need for microbiological confirmation in case of onychomycosis for appropriate management of onychomycosis cases and further epidemiological study.
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