In 2013 and 2014, field experiments involving winter wheat were conducted at Aleksandras Stulginskis University's Experimental Station on a medium-textured Cal(ca)ri-Epihypogleyic Luvisol. N150P90K120 were applied as the main fertilizers. Additionally, a foliar fertilizer including amide nitrogen, sulphur and magnesium (MgO concentrations ranging from 0.25 % to 2.5 %), (further referred to as magnesium fertilizer), was sprayed at the tillering and booting stages of winter wheat. It was found that magnesium fertilizer foliar-applied at the end of tillering and booting stages tended to increase chlorophyll a and b contents in winter wheat leaves. Chlorophyll a content in leaves significantly increased when the solution with 2.5 % concentration of magnesium had been applied at tillering and when 0.5, 1.0 and 2.5 % concentrations of the solution had been applied at booting stages. Chlorophyll b content in winter wheat leaves was significantly affected by the solutions with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.5 % magnesium concentrations at tillering and by the solutions with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 % magnesium concentrations at booting stages. The highest increase in dry matter content was recorded when 2.5 % MgO solution had been applied at booting stage. A statistically significant correlation was established between the MgO concentrations applied at tillering (r = 0.905 * ) and booting (r = 0.863 * ) stages and nitrogen content in winter wheat dry matter.
), vidutinio humusingumo (2,47-2,82 %).Nustatyta, kad mineralinio azoto kiekis dirvožemyje, praėjus 7 dienoms po žieminių kviečių tręšimo amonio ir nitratinę formas turinčiomis trąšomis, buvo vidutiniškai 23,9 % didesnis, negu tręšiant amidinėmis trą-šomis. Žieminių kviečių chlorofilo indeksą ir asimiliacinį lapų plotą esmingai didino amonio ir nitratinę bei amidinę formas turinčios azoto trąšos. Šiems rodikliams efektyvesnės buvo amonio ir nitratinę formas turinčios azoto trąšos tik tuo atveju, kai žieminiai kviečiai buvo tręšti 16 dieną nuo vegetacijos pradžios. Didžiausi žieminių kviečių grūdų derlingumai gauti augalus tręšiant amonio ir nitratinio bei amidinio azoto turinčiomis trą-šomis vegetacijos pradžioje ir 4 dieną nuo vegetacijos pradžios. Nustatyti statistiškai patikimi ir stiprūs koreliaciniai ryšiai tarp grūdų derlingumo ir tręšimo azoto trąšomis laiko (ή amidinio azoto trąšos = 0,850* ir ή amonio ir nitratinio azoto trąšos = 0,878*).Raktažodžiai: N-NH 2 , N-NH 4 , N-NO 3 , žieminiai kviečiai, chlorofilo indeksas, asimiliacinis lapų plotas, derlingumas ĮVADASPasaulyje intensyvėjant žemės ūkio produktų gamybai į dirvožemį patenka vis didesni azoto kiekiai (Wiesler, Armbruster, 2009). Azotas yra pagrindinis augalų mineralinės mitybos elementas, lemiantis žemės ūkio augalų derlingumą ir kokybę (Füleky, 2009;Wang et al., 2014), tačiau azoto perteklius turi neigiamą poveikį aplinkai. Patekęs į dirvožemį, azotas nuolat transformuojasi. Pagrindiniai azoto transformacijos procesai yra azoto fiksacija, amonifikacija arba mineralizacija, nitrifikacija ir denitrifikacija bei azoto imobilizavimas (Lapinskas, 2008;Espinoza et al., 2013). Pavojingiausia azoto forma aplinkai yra nitratai, nes net 90-98 % azoto iš dirvožemio išplaunama nitratų pavidalu. Per didelis azoto trąšų naudojimas gali sukelti žmonių sveikatos sutrikimų, gyvulių sveikatos problemų, paviršinių vandenų eutrofikaciją, nitritinės rūgšties susidarymą (rūgštūs lietūs), ozono sluoksnio atmosferoje mažėjimą ir kt. (Asadi, Clemente, 2003;Smith et al., 2013). Nitratų direktyva (91/676EEC) (The Nitrates Directive...,
Please use the following format when citing the article: Smalstienė V., Pranckietienė I., Dromantienė R., Šidlauskas G., Vagusevičienė I., Jodaugienė D. 2019. The relationship between nitrogen fertilizer forms and meteorological conditions on nitrogen transformation in the soil and loss via volatilization. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture, 106 (3): 195-202. AbstractThe study was aimed to estimate the changes in ammonium (N-NH 4 + ), nitrate (N-NO 3 − ) and mineral (N-NH 4 + + N-NO 3 − ) nitrogen in the soil, nitrogen loss via volatilization and uptake as influenced by the nitrogen fertilizer form applied, soil moisture and temperature in the crop stand of the common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar 'Skagen' during the tillering stage (BBCH 23-29). The crop was fertilized with surface-broadcast urea and ammonium nitrate (granular fertilizers). The soil of the experimental site is Endocalcaric Endogleyic Luvisol (WRB, 2014). The content of N-NH 4 + in the soil 7 days after winter wheat fertilization was found to be on average 25% higher in the plots applied with urea, while higher N-NO 3 − and N-NH 4 + + N-NO 3 − contents, by 59% and 29%, respectively, were identified in the ammonium nitrate-applied plots. When winter wheat had been applied with ammonium nitrate or urea 4 days after resumption of spring growth, the contents of N-NH 4 + , N-NO 3 − and N-NH 4 + + N-NO 3 − in the soil were significantly higher compared with the plots fertilized later, 8-16 days after beginning of spring growth. At winter wheat tillering stage, the content of N-NH 4 + + N-NO 3 − in the soil was found to depend on soil temperature and moisture. The data of the multiple correlation analysis showed a strong relationship between N-NH 4 + + N-NO 3 − content and soil temperature and moisture, significant at P < 0.05 level, in the winter wheat plots applied with ammonium nitrate (R 2 = 0.719) or urea (R 2 = 0.879). Volatilization of N-NH 3 in the winter wheat plots fertilized with ammonium nitrate was negligible and totalled 0.24%, while in the plots applied with urea it averaged 7.3%. Volatilization of N-NH 3 from urea depended on the soil temperature and moisture (R 2 = 0.840, P < 0.05).In the plots fertilized with ammonium nitrate, the concentration of nitrogen in the above-ground part of winter wheat was higher, though not in all the treatments significantly, as compared with the urea-applied plots.
Field experiments were carried out at the Experimental Station of Vytautas Magnus University (54º52′ N, 23º49′ E) in Lithuania.Winter wheat was grown on the background of N150P90K90 mineral fertilization and was additionally foliar-fertilized with different concentrations of amino acid solutions (0.5-3.0%) at stem elongation and heading stages. The study was aimed to establish protein content as well as quantitative and qualitative distribution of amino acids in winter wheat grain as influenced by fertilization with different concentrations of amino acids. Experimental evidence showed that solutions with different concentrations of amino acids applied at winter wheat stem elongation and heading stages increased grain protein content and total amino acids contents. Plants, fertilized with amino acids solutions at stem elongation stage accumulated higher protein content by on average 4.8%, at heading stage by 4.5% compared with the grain protein content of plants that had not received amino acids fertilization. The total amino acids content in winter wheat grain in res ponse to amino acids applied at stem elongation stage increased by on average 2.0 g kg -1 , at heading stage by 5.3 g kg -1 . Nonessential and essential amino acids content in winter wheat grain was significantly increased by 2.5 and 3.0% amino acids solutions, applied at stem elongation stage by and 0.5, 1.0, 1.5% amino acids solutions applied at heading stage. Winter wheat fertilization with amino acids solutions at stem elongation stage mostly increased the content of glutamic acid, at heading stage mostly increased the contents of glutamic, aspartic, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, methionine, threonine and lysine acids.
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