Overall, this study confirms a general relationship between the economic environment and suicide rates; however, it does not support there being a clear causal relationship between the current economic crisis and an increase in the suicide rate.

BackgroundIt is well known that suicidal rates vary considerably among European countries and the reasons for this are unknown, although several theories have been proposed. The effect of economic variables has been extensively studied but not that of climate.MethodsData from 29 European countries covering the years 2000–2012 and concerning male and female standardized suicidal rates (according to WHO), economic variables (according World Bank) and climate variables were gathered. The statistical analysis included cluster and principal component analysis and categorical regression.ResultsThe derived models explained 62.4 % of the variability of male suicidal rates. Economic variables alone explained 26.9 % and climate variables 37.6 %. For females, the respective figures were 41.7, 11.5 and 28.1 %. Male suicides correlated with high unemployment rate in the frame of high growth rate and high inflation and low GDP per capita, while female suicides correlated negatively with inflation. Both male and female suicides correlated with low temperature.DiscussionThe current study reports that the climatic effect (cold climate) is stronger than the economic one, but both are present. It seems that in Europe suicidality follows the climate/temperature cline which interestingly is not from south to north but from south to north-east. This raises concerns that climate change could lead to an increase in suicide rates. The current study is essentially the first successful attempt to explain the differences across countries in Europe; however, it is an observational analysis based on aggregate data and thus there is a lack of control for confounders.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12991-016-0106-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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In spite of small differences in psychometric properties from the original, the Lithuanian version of the CORE-OM was reliable and sensitive in both clinical and non-clinical settings. It has the potential to become a practical, sensitive and reliable tool for psychotherapists in Lithuania.

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Reikšminiai žodžiai: depresija, lėtinė inkstų liga. Depresija yra viena dažniausių psichiatrinių ligų tarp pacientų, sergančių lėtine inkstų liga (LIL). Pastebėta, kad sergančiųjų LIL depresijos simptomai yra susiję su prastesne gyvenimo kokybe, ilgesne hospitalizacijos trukme, greitesne dializės terapijos pradžia bei padidėjusia mirties rizika. Norint išanalizuoti depresijos simptomų pasireiškimą, Vilniaus universiteto ligoninės Santariškių klinikos (VUL SK) Nefrologijos centre atliktas skerspjūvio tyrimas. Įtraukti 132 pacientai, sergantys 3–5 stadijos LIL. Tiriamieji įvertinti pagal Hamiltono depresijos skalę (HAM-D), surinkti duomenys apie LIL stadiją ir etiologiją, vedybinę padėtį, darbo pobūdį, išsilavinimą, žalingus įpročius, fizinį aktyvumą, streso įveikos strategiją, demografiniai duomenys. Statistinė duomenų analizė atlikta „Microsoft Excel“. 70 (53 proc.) apklaustų pacientų surinko lengvą depresiją atspindinčius balus. Moterys (p = 0,0001), ≥ 80 m. (p = 0,03), ūkininkai (p = 0,009), taikantys į jausmus orientuotą įveikos strategiją (p = 0,04), surinko daugiau HAM-D balų, o susituokusieji (p = 0,015), sergantys IgA nefropatija (p = 0,49), užimantys aukštas pareigas darbe (p = 0,0003) – mažiau. Dėl dažnai pasireiškiančių depresijos simptomų sergantiesiems lėtine inkstų liga rekomenduojame rutinišką depresijos simptomų ištyrimą ir ankstyvą gydymą.