Relationship of suicide rates to economic variables in Europe: 2000–2011

Fountoulakis, Konstantinos Ν.; Kawohl, Wolfram; Theodorakis, Pavlos N; Kerkhof, A.J.F.M.; Navickas, Alvydas; Höschl, Cyril; Lečić-Toševski, Dušica; Sorel, Eliot; Rancāns, Elmārs; Palova, E.; Juckel, Georg; Isacsson, Göran; Jagodič, Helena Korošec; Botezat-Antonescu, Ileana; Warnke, Ingeborg; Rybakowski, Janusz; Azorin, J.-M.; Cookson, John; Waddington, John L.; Pregelj, Peter; Demyttenaere, Koen; Hranov, Luchezar; Stevović, Lidija Injac; Pezawas, Lukas; Adida, M.; Figuera, Maria Luisa; Pompili, Maurizio; Jakovljević, Miro; Vichi, Monica; Perugi, Giulio; Andrasen, Ole; Vuković, Olivera; Mavrogiorgou, Paraskevi; Värnik, Peeter; Bech, Per; Döme, Péter; Winkler, Petr; Salokangas, Raimo K. R.; From, Tiina; Danilevičiūtė, Vita; Gonda, Xénia; Rihmer, Zoltán; Forsman, Jonas; Grady, Anne; Leadholm, Anne Katrine Kloster; Soendergaard, Susan; Nordt, Carlos; López-Ibor, Juan J

doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.147454

Cited by 93 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 98 publications

(132 reference statements)

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“…Economic crises resulting in unemployment and decreased personal income have been correlated with increases in suicide, particularly in males, although a direct causal relationship has not yet been established. 26,27 Media reporting of suicide also influences suicide rates, particularly within the first 30 days of publicity, with increases in the rates proportional to the amount of publicity, when details of a method are provided, if the decedent was a celebrity, and if the suicide was romanticized rather than reported in association with mental illness and the adverse consequences of the suicide on survivors. 28 Adolescents and young adults are particularly susceptible to the effects of media publicity.…”

Section: Risk Factors and Associated Mechanisms Increasing Risk For Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Suicide and suicidal behaviour

2016

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Summary Suicide is a complex public health problem of global dimension. Suicidal behaviour (SB) shows marked differences between genders, age groups, geographic regions and socio-political realities, and variably associates with different risk factors, underscoring likely etiological heterogeneity. Although there is no effective algorithm to predict suicide in clinical practice, improved recognition and understanding of clinical, psychological, sociological, and biological factors may facilitate the detection of high-risk individuals and assist in treatment selection. Psychotherapeutic, pharmacological, or neuromodulatory treatments of mental disorders can often prevent SB; additionally, regular follow-up of suicide attempters by mental health services is key to prevent future SB.

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Section: Risk Factors and Associated Mechanisms Increasing Risk For Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Suicide and suicidal behaviour

2016

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“…Another study on 29 European countries during 2000-11 found a strong correlation between male suicide rates and all economic indices except for GDP per capita, and a correlation between female suicides and unemployment only. 35 The researchers found that the temporal relation did not support causality (suicide rates increased several months before the crisis emerged). Reeves and colleagues 48 used data on male suicides from 20 EU countries (1981-2011) and estimated 6998 excess suicides after 2008, based on pre-crisis suicide trends.…”

Section: Risk Of Bias Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health outcomes during the 2008 financial crisis in Europe: systematic literature review

Parmar

Stavropoulou

Ioannidis

2016

BMJ

182

192

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Objective To systematically identify, critically appraise, and synthesise empirical studies about the impact of the 2008 financial crisis in Europe on health outcomes.Design Systematic literature review.Data sources Structural searches of key databases, healthcare journals, and organisation based websites.Review methods Empirical studies reporting on the impact of the financial crisis on health outcomes in Europe, published from January 2008 to December 2015, were included. All selected studies were assessed for risk of bias. Owing to the heterogeneity of studies in terms of study design and analysis and the use of overlapping datasets across studies, studies were analysed thematically per outcome, and the evidence was synthesised on different health outcomes without formal meta-analysis.Results 41 studies met the inclusion criteria, and focused on suicide, mental health, self rated health, mortality, and other health outcomes. Of those studies, 30 (73%) were deemed to be at high risk of bias, nine (22%) at moderate risk of bias, and only two (5%) at low risk of bias, limiting the conclusions that can be drawn. Although there were differences across countries and groups, there was some indication that suicides increased and mental health deteriorated during the crisis. The crisis did not seem to reverse the trend of decreasing overall mortality. Evidence on self rated health and other indicators was mixed.Conclusions Most published studies on the impact of financial crisis on health in Europe had a substantial risk of bias; therefore, results need to be cautiously interpreted. Overall, the financial crisis in Europe seemed to have had heterogeneous effects on health outcomes, with the evidence being most consistent for suicides and mental health. There is a need for better empirical studies, especially those focused on identifying mechanisms that can mitigate the adverse effects of the crisis.

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“…Unemployment and low socioeconomic status represent important variables in the attempted suicides and committed suicides [13, 15, 16], while low education and unemployed young adult men and women had significantly higher rates of attempts [17]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attempted suicide in Podgorica, Montenegro: higher rates in females and unemployed males

Stevović

Vodopić

2017

Ann Gen Psychiatry

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BackgroundA change in suicide attempts is associated with comprehensive changes in mental and physical health and social environment. Attempted suicide and suicide are one of the biggest problems nowadays worldwide, not only in the field of mental health but also in the field of public health. The aim of the research was to determine the number of attempted suicides as well as the influence of clinical and demographic variables on the attempted suicide rate.MethodsThe data on the attempted suicide were analysed in the period 2012–2016 based on the data from the Emergency Ward of the Clinical Centre of Montenegro in Podgorica. The rate of attempted suicides as well as the unemployment rate was calculated. The statistical analysis included descriptive statistics of the raw data and relative numbers, Chi-squared test, Fisher’s test and Spearman coefficient.ResultsThe average age of males who attempted suicide was 38.35 ± 14.11, min 15 and max 88 years of age, and the age of women was 38.97 ± 16.81, min 16 and max 93 years of age. Women attempted suicide more frequently (p < 0.05). Female/male ratio during the investigation period slightly declined (1.93 in 2012 vs. 1.29 in 2016). The attempted suicide rates ranged from 103 per 100,000 residents in 2016 to 142 per 100,000 residents in 2015. Crude attempt rate was the highest in women in 2012 (102.42 per 100,000 residents) and for men in 2014 and 2015 (84.48 vs. 83.06 per 100,000 residents). Poisoning with psychotropic drugs was the dominant manner of attempt (93.2%), while the largest number of attempts was in the late spring and summer (May, June and July). Attempted suicide rate in man was associated with higher unemployment rate.ConclusionsAlthough women make the majority of attempted suicide cases, there has been a decline in the value of the rate for women and a rise for men. The attempted suicide rates in Podgorica belong to lower rates compared to the WHO European multicentre study on parasuicide. Poisoning with psychotropic drugs was the predominant manner, while the highest number of attempted suicides was in the late spring and summer (May, June and July). Unemployment influences men to attempt suicide much more frequently.

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Relationship of suicide rates to economic variables in Europe: 2000–2011

Abstract: Overall, this study confirms a general relationship between the economic environment and suicide rates; however, it does not support there being a clear causal relationship between the current economic crisis and an increase in the suicide rate.

Cited by 93 publications

References 98 publications

Suicide and suicidal behaviour

Suicide and suicidal behaviour

Health outcomes during the 2008 financial crisis in Europe: systematic literature review

Attempted suicide in Podgorica, Montenegro: higher rates in females and unemployed males

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