consumer behaviour, Canada, consumption, cross-country analysis, economic recession, fair trade, United Kingdom, United States of America,

PurposeThis research aims to outline the key factors responsible for industry 4.0 (I4.0) application in industries and establish a factor stratification model.Design/methodology/approachThis article identifies the factor pool responsible for I4.0 from the extant literature. It aims to identify the set of key factors for the I4.0 application in the manufacturing industry and validate, classify factor pool using appropriate statistical tools, for example, factor analysis, principal component analysis and item analysis.FindingsThis study would shed light on critical factors and subfactors for implementing I4.0 in manufacturing industries from the factor pool. This study would shed light on critical factors and subfactors for implementing I4.0 in manufacturing industries. Strategy, leadership and culture are found key elements of transformation in the journey of I4.0. Additionally, design and development in the digital twin, virtual testing and simulations were also important factors to consider by manufacturing firms.Research limitations/implicationsThe proposed I4.0 factor stratification model will act as a starting point while designing strategy, adopting readiness index for I4.0 and creating a roadmap for I4.0 application in manufacturing. The I4.0 factors identified and validated in this paper will act as a guide for policymakers, researchers, academicians and practitioners working on the implementation of Industry 4.0. This work establishes a solid groundwork for developing an I4.0 maturity model for manufacturing industries.Originality/valueThe existing I4.0 literature is critically examined for creating a factor pool that further presented to experts to ensure sufficient rigor and comprehensiveness, particularly checking the relevance of subfactors for the manufacturing sector. This work is an attempt to identify and validate major I4.0 factors that can impact its mass adoption that is further empirically tested for factor stratification.

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Purpose This study aims to propose a conceptual model indicating the impact of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) technologies on lean tools. Additionally, it prioritizes I4.0 technologies for the digital transformation of lean plants. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted a questionnaire-based survey to capture the perception of 115 experts of manufacturing industries from Germany, India, Taiwan and China. The impact of I4.0 on lean tools, using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Further, the authors drew a prioritization map of I4.0 on the employment of lean tools in manufacturing, using the Best–Worst Method (BWM). Findings The findings indicate that cloud manufacturing, simulation, industrial internet of things, horizontal and vertical integration impact 100% of the lean tools, while both cyber-security, big data analytics impact 93% of the lean tools and advanced robotics impact 74% of the lean tools. On the other hand, it is observed that augmented reality and additive manufacturing will impact 21% and 14% of the lean tools, respectively. Practical implications The results of this study would help practitioners draw up a strategic plan and roadmap for implementing lean 4.0. The amalgamation of lean with I4.0 technologies in the right combination would enhance speed productivity and facilitate autonomous operations. Originality/value Studies exploring the influence of I4.0 on lean manufacturing lack comprehensiveness, testing and validation. Importantly, no studies in the recent past have explored mapping and prioritizing I4.0 technologies in the “lean” context. This study thereby attempts to establish a conceptual model, indicating the influence of I4.0 technologies on lean tools and presents the hierarchy of all digital technologies.

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