Artificial fuels have been researched for more than a decade now in an attempt to find alternative sources of energy. With global climatic conditions rapidly approaching the end of their safe line, an emphasis on escalating the change has been seen in recent times. Synthetic fuels are a diverse group of compounds that can be used as replacements for traditional fuels, such as gasoline and diesel. This paper provides a comprehensive review of synthetic fuels, with a focus on their classification and production processes. The article begins with an in-depth introduction, followed by virtually classifying the major synthetic fuels that are currently produced on an industrial scale. The article further discusses their feedstocks and production processes, along with detailed equations and diagrams to help readers understand the basic science behind synthetic fuels. The environmental impact of these fuels is also explored, along with their respective key players in the industry. By highlighting the benefits and drawbacks of synthetic fuels, this study also aims to facilitate an informed discussion about the future of energy and the role that synthetic fuels may play in reducing our reliance on fossil fuels.

Currently, transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable sources of energy is needed, considering the impact of climate change on the globe. From this point of view, there is a need for development in several stages such as storage, transmission, and conversion of power. In this paper, we demonstrate a simulation of a hybrid energy storage system consisting of a battery and fuel cell in parallel operation. The novelty in the proposed system is the inclusion of an electrolyser along with a switching algorithm. The electrolyser consumes electricity to intrinsically produce hydrogen and store it in a tank. This implies that the system consumes electricity as input energy as opposed to hydrogen being the input fuel. The hydrogen produced by the electrolyser and stored in the tank is later utilised by the fuel cell to produce electricity to power the load when needed. Energy is, therefore, stored in the form of hydrogen. A battery of lower capacity is coupled with the fuel cell to handle transient loads. A parallel control algorithm is developed to switch on/off the charging and discharging cycle of the fuel cell and battery depending upon the connected load. Electrically equivalent circuits of a polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyser, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, necessary hydrogen, oxygen, water tanks, and switching controller for the parallel operation were modelled with their respective mathematical equations in MATLAB® Simulink®. In this paper, we mainly focus on the modelling and simulation of the proposed system. The results showcase the simulated system’s mentioned advantages and compare its ability to handle loads to a battery-only system.

Due to their inherent advantages, micro-sized horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) are preferred over vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) for urban applications. Typically, HAWTs on the market are constructed using steel, alloys, or fibre-reinforced composites, with the latter being the most economical and stable in comparison to steel and alloy-based HAWTs. Nevertheless, in light of the increased emphasis on cost savings and environmental sustainability, natural-fibre composites have become more desirable. This study focuses on the implementation of flax-fibre-reinforced HAWT wind blades designed for urban applications in particular. The proposed wind blades were designed using CATIA and their feasibility and performance were evaluated via numerical analyses in ANSYS. Structural, modal, and harmonic analyses were conducted under various loading conditions. The results indicate that flax-fibre-reinforced wind blades possess higher natural frequencies, greater stability, and lower deflection amplitudes at resonance frequencies than other materials.