This article evaluated the agricultural performance of 31 states and union territories (UTs) in India from 2012 to 2017. The best agricultural productivity states and UTs in India were obtained using Malmquist based DEA technique and the efficiency score for each year was found using CCR model. The input parameter is taken as annual rainfall, total population, GDP, Workers, and net cultivated area, and the output parameter is taken as production of rice, wheat, coarse cereals, pulses, oil seeds, and sugarcane. The productivity of the states and UTs are compared, as well as the increase or decrease in productivity is calculated. Total productivity change was calculated using cumulative Malmquist index (CMI). As a results, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, and Uttar Pradesh are the most efficient states throughout the year, while Kerala and Goa are the least efficient. Maximum states and UTs advanced 61.25 % in 2015-16, whereas maximum states and UTs declined 62.52 % in 2012-13. The overall productivity change in Madhya Pradesh inceases perfectly while Nagaland's is almost decreasing. Other factors that may have an influence on state and UTs agriculture productivity include capital investment and fertiliser use. Additional social and environmental performance criteria, such as contribution to local community development and harmful emission measurement, can be integrated as output criteria for sustainability performance analysis.
It is extremely rare for loss of immunohistochemical expression of INI1 to occur primarily at recurrence/progression with retained expression at the primary/initial presentation of central nervous system (CNS) tumor. In this article, we present 3 such cases showing loss of INI1 expression primarily at recurrence. All patients were males, aged 7 years (case 1), 11 years (case 2), and 35 years (case 3), diagnosed with low-grade glial/glioneuronal tumor, not otherwise specified (case 1), craniopharyngioma (case 2), and glioblastoma (case 3); all showed retained INI1 protein expression. Case 1 at 12 months recurrence showed a high-grade tumor with relative undifferentiated morphology, case 2 after 104 months showed a sarcomatous progression, and case 3 recurred after 4 months with the presence of relative undifferentiated round cells. All these recurrences showed loss of INI1 expression. Loss of SMARCB1/INI1 gene function resulting in complete loss of INI1 protein expression is not a well-accepted genetic mechanism for transformation/progression as this series emphasizes.
INTRODUCTION Molecular subgroups of pediatric medulloblastomas are distinctive in infantile and non-infantile age-groups. METHODS Real-time quantitative PCR based GEP of customized 12 protein-coding genes was performed on 206 FFPE childhood medulloblastoma samples. FISH for MYC amplification, monosomy 6 and sequencing for CTNNB1 exon 3 mutation were done in relevant cases. H&E and reticulin-stained slides were used for histological subtyping. p53-protein immunoreactivity pattern was noted. RESULTS Infantile (n=33) comprised 57.6% SHH-activated (desmoplastic: 73.7%; MBEN: 15.8% and classic: 10.5%), 21.2% group 3 (large cell/anaplastic [LCA]: 28.6% and none were desmoplastic) and 12% group 4. 40% of group 3 patients died of disease and 21% of the SHH-activated (all desmoplastic) had subsequent local recurrence. Non-infantile (n=173) comprised 19.4% WNT-activated, 12.9% SHH-activated (15% classic, 30% desmoplastic, 10% paucinodular), 19.4% group 3 (63.3% classic & 26.7% LCA), 48.4% group 4 (73.3% classic, 5.3% desmoplastic, 10.7% paucinodular & 1.4% LCA), and non-WNT/non-SHH (NWNS), NOS (n=14,9%) and unclassified (n=4,2.6%). None of WNT-activated were desmoplastic/LCA histology. Non-infantile WNT-activated and group 3 MBs showed 90% monosomy 6 & CTNNB1 mutation, and 16.7% MYC-amplification respectively. 17.4% (13% spinal, 4.4% local) WNT-activated, 31% (12.5% local, 18.5% distant [spinal: 12.5%, intracranial:6%]) SHH-activated, 27% (18% both spinal and local, 9% spinal) group 3 and 31.5% (7.4% local, 5.5% intracranial, 11.2% spinal, 7.4% both spinal and local) group 4 showed metastases during follow up. CONCLUSIONS SHH-activated and group 3 are the common infantile subgroups but group 4 is not non-existent in infantile age. No desmoplastic (including paucinodular) histological subtype is of WNT- activated and group 3.
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