The aim of this work was to evaluate the composting process of poultry manure mixed with other complementary organic wastes. Two mixtures (treatment 1 and 2) were prepared with corn bare cobs, sawdust, shavings and manure. Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter loss, total organic carbon, solved organic carbon, N loss, ammonium and nitrate concentration, laccase activity and respiration indices were analyzed. These variables showed similar tendencies during the composting process in both treatments. A peak of biological activity, organic matter mineralization and salt release was observed after 6 days of the process. Treatment 2 showed a higher concentration of solved organic carbon and higher organic matter loss than in the mixture with less manure (treatment 1). Laccase activity increased when solved organic carbon decreased. Compost from treatment 1 showed lower phytotoxic effects than that from treatment 2, probably because of a low salt content. In conclusion, it was observed that 60 % content of poultry manure in the mixture does not affect the composting process. However, the final product is not as good for agricultural purposes as a mixture with a lower manure content. Finally, it can be stated that the valorization of these wastes in the form of compost adds value to the materials, closing the biogeochemical nutrient cycle.Fil: Rizzo, Pedro Federico. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Centro de Investigación de Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola; ArgentinaFil: Della Torre, Virginia . Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Centro de Investigación de Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola; ArgentinaFil: Riera, Nicolás Iván. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Centro de Investigación de Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola; ArgentinaFil: Crespo, Diana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Centro de Investigación de Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Barrena, Raquel . Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; EspañaFil: Sánchez, Antoni . Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Españ

Both raw and composted poultry manure is applied as soil amendment. The aims of this study were: (1) to develop phytotoxicity indexes for organic wastes and composts, and (2) to assess the correlation among phytotoxicity indexes, ecotoxicological endpoints and stability and physicochemical parameters during passive composting of poultry manure. Six 2-m(3) composting piles were constructed and four parameter groups (physicochemical and microbiological parameters, ecotoxicological endpoints, and biological activity) were determined at four sampling times during 92days. Extracts were used to carry out acute toxicity tests on Daphnia magna, Lactuca sativa and Raphanus sativus. Composting decreased average toxicity 22.8% for the 3 species and D. magna was the most sensitive species. The static respiration index decreased from 1.12 to 0.46mgO2gOMh(-1) whilst organic matter reduced by 64.1% at the end of the process. Escherichia coli colonies remained higher than values recommended by international guidelines. The D. magna immobilization test allowed the assessment of possible leachate or run-off toxicity. The new phytotoxicity indexes (RGIC0.8 and GIC80%), proposed in this study, as well as salinity, proved to be good maturity indicators. Hence, these phytotoxicity indexes could be implemented in monitoring strategies as useful ecotoxicological tools. Multivariate analyses demonstrated positive correlations between ecotoxicological endpoints (low toxicity) and biological activity (stability). These two parameter groups were associated at the final sampling time and showed negative correlations with several physicochemical parameters (organic and inorganic contents). The final poultry manure compost was rendered stable, but immature and, thus, unsuitable for soil amending.

Interspecific hybrids of E. grandis × E. camaldulensis were generated to widen the plantation area. The aim of this study was to assess root capability and development for six different clones of eucalyptus grown in substrates made with three different composts derived from poultry manure. A factorial design was used to assess the effect of different composts on six growth variables. The analysis detected a greater effect from the genotype than the substrate. E. grandis × E. camaldulensis hybrid vegetative propagation was successful in alternative substrates formulated from composted poultry manure. GC8 was the genotype that showed the greatest differences for four the different variables among the substrates, being both the most sensitive and the one with the highest values for all parameters measured. The hybrids' vegetative propagation was determined in alternative substrates formulated from poultry manure compost. The physicochemical characteristics of substrates composed of pine bark and sawdust provided adequate conditions for the growth of eucalyptus. GC8 was the genotype most sensitive to the use of different substrates, showing significant differences in the ratio of roots/callus, radicular dry weight, and cutting dry weight. These clones might be a good option for evaluating compost-based substrates for forestry applications.

Las personas con discapacidad sufren a lo largo de sus vidas de discriminación que les lleva a estar limitados en el ejercicio pleno de sus derechos. El cambio que se ha producido desde la aprobación de la Convención sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad (CPCD, por sus siglas en inglés) ha generado la necesidad de que los Estados adapten sus normas mediante el establecimiento de acciones de inclusión concretas. Hoy en día, un alto porcentaje de la población mundial tiene una discapacidad, lo que denota la importancia de este debate para la sociedad Internacional. Este artículo tiene el objetivo de ofrecer una visión general de los aspectos que hacen al reconocimiento de las personas con discapacidad como sujetos de derechos, específicamente en las oportunidades en el acceso a un empleo. El propósito es dar una perspectiva sobre las barreras reales que enfrentan este grupo de personas cuando participan plenamente en el desarrollo de sus vidas. Ofreciendo una perspectiva multidisciplinaria, destacando el trabajo conjunto con organizaciones no gubernamentales, específicamente profesionales en el área, mediante acciones concretas para erradicar políticas discriminatorias y generar espacios para la inclusión y la igualdad desde una edad temprana.