Context. Deuterium fractionation has been used to study the thermal history of pre-stellar environments. Their formation pathways trace different regions of the disk and may shed light into the disk's physical structure, including locations of important features for planetary formation. Aims. We aim to constrain the radial extent of main deuterated species; we are particularly interested in spatially characterizing the high and low temperature pathways for enhancing deuteration of these species. Methods. We observed the disk surrounding the Herbig Ae star HD 163296 using ALMA in Band 6 and obtained resolved spectral imaging data of DCO + (J=3-2), DCN (J=3-2) and N 2 D + (J=3-2) with synthesized beam sizes of 0. 53× 0. 42, 0. 53× 0. 42 and 0. 50× 0. 39 respectively. We adopt a physical model of the disk from the literature and use the 3D radiative transfer code LIME to estimate an excitation temperature profile for our detected lines. We model the radial emission profiles of DCO + , DCN and N 2 D + , assuming their emission is optically thin, using a parametric model of their abundances and our excitation temperature estimates. Results. DCO + can be described by a three-region model, with constant-abundance rings centered at 70 AU, 150 AU and 260 AU. The DCN radial profile peaks at about 60 AU and N 2 D + is seen in a ring at 160 AU. Simple models of both molecules using constant abundances reproduce the data. Assuming reasonable average excitation temperatures for the whole disk, their disk-averaged column densities (and deuterium fractionation ratios) are 1.6-2.6×10 12 cm −2 (0.04-0.07), 2.9-5.2×10 12 cm −2 (∼0.02) and 1.6-2.5 ×10 11 cm −2 (0.34-0.45) for DCO + , DCN and N 2 D + , respectively. Conclusions. Our simple best-fit models show a correlation between the radial location of the first two rings in DCO + and the DCN and N 2 D + abundance distributions that can be interpreted as the high and low temperature deuteration pathways regimes. The origin of the third DCO + ring at 260 AU is unknown but may be due to a local decrease of ultraviolet opacity allowing the photodesorption of CO or due to thermal desorption of CO as a consequence of radial drift and settlement of dust grains. The derived deuterium fractionation values agree with previous estimates of 0.05 for DCO + /HCO + and 0.02 for DCN/HCN in HD163296, and 0.3-0.5 for N 2 D + /N 2 H + in AS 209, a T Tauri disk. The high N 2 D + /N 2 H + confirms N 2 D + as a good candidate for tracing ionization in the cold outer disk.

Monitoring the loss of genetic diversity in wild populations after a bottleneck event is a priority in conservation and management plans. Here, we used diverse molecular markers to search for signatures of demographic bottlenecks in two wolf populations; an isolated population from the Iberian Peninsula and a non-isolated population from European Russia. Autosomal, mtDNA and Y-chromosomal diversity and the effective population size (N e ) were significantly lower in the Iberian population. Neutrality tests using mtDNA sequences, such as R 2, Fu and Li's F*, Tajima's D and Fu's F s , were positively significant in the Iberian population, suggesting a population decline, but were not significant for the Russian population, likely due to its larger effective population size. However, three tests using autosomal data confirmed the occurrence of the genetic bottleneck in both populations. The M-ratio test was the only one providing significant results for both populations. Given the lack of consistency among the different tests, we recommend using multiple approaches to investigate possible past bottlenecks. The small effective population size (about 50) in the Iberian Peninsula compared to the presumed extant population size could indicate that the bottleneck was more powerful than initially suspected or an overestimation of the current population. The risks associated with small effective population sizes suggest that the genetic change in this population should be closely monitored in the future. On the other hand, the relatively small effective population size for Russian wolves (a few hundred individuals) could indicate some fragmentation, contrary to what is commonly assumed.

Vanadium compounds are known for a variety of pharmacological properties. Many of them display antitumoral and osteogenic effects in several cell lines. Free radicals induce the development of tumoral processes. Natural polyphenols such as flavonoids have antioxidant properties since they scavenge different free radicals. For these reasons it is interesting to investigate the effects of a new complex generated between the vanadyl(IV) cation and the flavonoid hesperidin. The complex has been synthesized and characterized by physicochemical methods. Spectroscopic analysis revealed a 1:1 stoichiometry of ligand:VO and coordination by deprotonated cis-hydroxyl groups to the disaccharide moiety of the ligand. The complex improves the superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity of the ligand, but the scavenging of other radicals tested does not change upon complexation. When tested on two tumoral cell lines in culture (one of them derived from a rat osteosarcoma UMR106 and the other from human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2), the complex enhanced the antiproliferative effects of the free ligand, and this effect correlated with the morphological alterations toward apoptosis. Also, on the osteoblastic cell line the complex stimulated cell proliferation and collagen type I production at low concentrations. At higher doses the complex behaved as a cytotoxic compound for the osteoblasts.

The development of new vanadium derivatives with organic ligands, which improve the beneficial actions (insulin-mimetic, antitumoral) and decrease the toxic effects, is of great interest. A good candidate for the generation of a new vanadium compound is the flavonoid quercetin because of its own anticarcinogenic effect. The complex [VO(Quer)(2)EtOH]( n ) (QuerVO) has been synthesized and characterized by means of different spectroscopic techniques (UV-vis, Fourier transform IR, electron paramagnetic resonance) and its magnetic and stability properties. The inhibitory effect on bovine alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity has been tested for the free ligand, the complex as well as for the vanadyl(IV) (comparative purposes). The biological activity of the complex on the proliferation of two osteoblast-like cells in culture, a normal one (MC3T3E1) and a tumoral one (UMR106), has been compared with that of the vanadyl(IV) cation and quercetin. The differentiation osteoblast markers ALP specific activity and collagen synthesis have been also tested. In addition, the effect of QuerVO on the activation of the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is reported. The bone antitumoral effect of quercetin alone was established with the cell proliferation assays (it inhibits the proliferation of the tumoral cells and does not exert any effect on the normal osteoblasts). Moreover, the complex exerts osteogenic effects since it stimulates the type I collagen production and is a weak inhibitory agent upon ALP activity. Finally, QuerVO stimulated the ERK phosphorylation in a dose-response manner and this activation seems to be involved as one of the possible mechanisms for the biological effects of the complex.

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The objective of this study was to manufacture a shortening using chemical interesterification (IT) of tallow-sunflower oil blends to replace fish oil in the present formulation, which is now in short supply in Chile. The significant variables of the IT process were obtained by 2 4-1 fractional factorial design. The proportion of tallow (T) in the blend, catalyst concentration, and reaction temperature had a significant effect on the melting point (mp) (P ≤ 0.05). IT of tallow and sunflower oil blends (90:10 and 70:30) diminished the mp, dropping point, and refractive index compared to tallow. However, a noninteresterified 90:10 blend mp was not significantly different from tallow. IT produced a solid fat content (SFC) profile of IT90:10 blend that was appropriate for use in shortenings for the baking industry. Blending and IT of the 90:10 blend increased the melting profile of the tallow and the melting range from −40 to 60°C while the endotherms of the middle-melting triacylglycerols (TAG) decreased. The IT90:10 blend hardnesswas 70% lower than tallow hardness, and the crystal network was composed of large spherulites in a network. IT resulted in an appropriate method to improve physical properties of tallow, whereas blending did not significantly modify it. The interesterification changed the SFC profile of IT90:10, giving a more appropriate shortening for use in the baking industry.Paper no. J9410 in JAOCS 78, 431-436 (April 2001).

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Red deer populations in the Iberian glacial refugium were the main source for postglacial recolonization and subspecific radiation in north‐western Europe. However, the phylogenetic history of Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) and its relationships with northern European populations remain uncertain. Here, we study DNA sequences at the mitochondrial control region along with STR markers for over 680 specimens from all the main red deer populations in Spain and other west European areas. Our results from mitochondrial and genomic DNA show contrasting patterns, likely related to the nature of these types of DNA markers and their specific processes of change over time. The results, taken together, bring support to two distinct, cryptic maternal lineages for Iberian red deer that predated the last glacial maximum and that have maintained geographically well differentiated until present. Haplotype relationships show that only one of them contributed to the northern postglacial recolonization. However, allele frequencies of nuclear markers evidenced one main differentiation between Iberian and northern European subspecies although also supported the structure of both matrilines within Iberia. Thus, our findings reveal a paraphyletic nature for Iberian red deer but also its genetic identity and differentiation with respect to northern subspecies. Finally, we suggest that maintaining the singularity of Iberian red deer requires preventing not only restocking practices with red deer specimens belonging to other European populations but also translocations between both Iberian lineages.