The exfoliation and colloidal stabilization of layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) in an aqueous medium using functional biomolecules as dispersing agents have a number of potential benefits toward the production and practical use of the corresponding two-dimensional materials, but such a strategy has so far remained underexplored. Here, we report that DNA and RNA nucleotides are highly efficient dispersants in the preparation of stable aqueous suspensions of MoS and other TMD nanosheets at significant concentrations (up to 5-10 mg mL). Unlike the case of common surfactants, for which adsorption on 2D materials is generally based on weak dispersive forces, the exceptional colloidal stability of the TMD flakes was shown to rely on the presence of relatively strong, specific interactions of Lewis acid-base type between the DNA/RNA nucleotide molecules and the flakes. Moreover, the nucleotide-stabilized MoS nanosheets were shown to be efficient catalysts in the reduction of nitroarenes (4-nitrophenol and 4-nitroaniline), thus constituting an attractive alternative to the use of expensive heterogeneous catalysts based on noble metals, and exhibited an electrocatalytic activity toward the hydrogen evolution reaction that was not impaired by the possible presence of nucleotide molecules adsorbed on their active sites. The biocompatibility of these materials was also demonstrated on the basis of cell proliferation and viability assays. Overall, the present work opens new vistas on the colloidal stabilization of 2D materials based on specific interactions that could be useful toward different practical applications.

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As interest in using carbon nanotubes for developing biologically compatible systems continues to grow, biological inspiration is stimulating new directions for in vivo approaches. The ability to integrate nanotechnology-based systems in the body will provide greater successes if the implanted material is made to mimic elements of the biological milieu especially through tuning physical and chemical characteristics. Here, we demonstrate the highly successful capacity for in vivo implantation of a new carbon nanotube-based composite that is, itself, integrated with a hydroxyapatite-polymethyl methacrylate to create a nanocomposite. The success of this approach is grounded in finely tailoring the physical and chemical properties of this composite for the critical demands of biological integration. This is accomplished through controlling the surface modification scheme, which affects the interactions between carbon nanotubes and the hydroxyapatite-polymethyl methacrylate. Furthermore, we carefully examine cellular response with respect to adhesion and proliferation to examine in vitro compatibility capacity. Our results indicate that this new composite accelerates cell maturation through providing a mechanically competent bone matrix; this likely facilitates osteointegration in vivo. We believe that these results will have applications in a diversity of areas including carbon nanotube, regeneration, chemistry, and engineering research.

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The ability of aluminum to inhibit the (Na(+)/K(+))ATPase activity has been observed by several investigators. The (Na(+)/K(+))ATPase is characterized by a complex molecular heterogeneity that results from the expression and differential association of multiple isoforms of both catalytic (alpha) and regulatory (beta) subunits. For instance, three main alpha (alpha(1), alpha(2) and alpha(3)) and three beta (beta(1), beta(2) and beta(3)) subunit isoforms exist in vertebrate nervous tissue, whereas only alpha(1) and beta(1) have been identified in kidney. However, no studies have focused on determining the change in (Na(+)/K(+))ATPase isoforms caused by chronic exposure to aluminum and its relation with aluminum toxicity. In this study, adult male Wistar rats were submitted to chronic dietary AlCl(3) exposure (0.03 g/day of AlCl(3) for 4 months), and the activity and protein expression of (Na(+)/K(+))ATPase isozymes were studied in brain cortex synaptosomes and in kidney homogenates. The intracellular levels of adenine nucleotides, plasma membrane integrity, and aluminum accumulation were also studied in brain synaptosomes. Aluminum accumulation upon chronic dietary AlCl(3) administration significantly decreased the (Na(+)/K(+))ATPase activity measured in the presence of nonlimiting Mg-ATP concentrations, without compromising protein expression of alpha-subunit isoforms in brain and kidney. Aluminum-induced synaptosomal (Na(+)/K(+))ATPase inhibition was due to a reduction in the activity of isozymes containing alpha(1)-alpha(2) and alpha(3)-subunits. The onset of enzyme inhibition was accompanied by a decrease of the (Na(+)/K(+))ATPase sensitivity to submicromolar concentrations of ouabain, and it preceded major damage in plasma membrane integrity and energy supply, as revealed by the analysis of lactate dehydrogenase leakage and endogenous adenine nucleotides. The data suggest that, during chronic dietary exposure to AlCl(3), brain (Na(+)/K(+))ATPase activity drops, even if no significant alterations of catalytic subunit protein expression, cellular energy depletion, and changes in cell membrane integrity are observed. Implications regarding underlying mechanisms of aluminum neurotoxicity are discussed.

The nanocarbon allotropes constitute valid alternatives when designing control and actuation devices for electrically assisted tissue regeneration purposes, gathering among them important characteristics such as chemical inertness, biocompatibility, extreme mechanical properties, and, importantly, low and tailorable electrical resistivity. In this work, coatings of thin (100 nm) vertically aligned nanoplatelets composed of diamond (5 nm) and graphite were produced via a microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) technique and used as substrates for electrical stimulation of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts. Increasing the amount of N up to 14.5 vol % during growth lowers the coatings' electrical resistivity by over 1 order of magnitude, triggers the nanoplatelet vertical growth, and leads to the higher crystalline quality of the nanographite phase. When preosteoblasts were cultured on these substrates and subjected to two consecutive daily cycles of 3 μA direct current stimulation, enhanced cell proliferation and metabolism were observed accompanied by high cell viability. Furthermore, in the absence of DC stimulation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity is increased significantly, denoting an up-regulating effect of preosteoblastic maturation intrinsically exerted by the nanoplatelet substrates.

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