India's contributions to meeting global mean temperature 2 °C and well below 2 °C is set to require transformational changes. A bottom up model analyses reference, intended nationally determined contributions and low-carbon scenarios assuming equal per capita cumulative emissions rights from 2011 through 2050. The cumulative CO 2 budget for India for low-carbon scenarios during this period is estimated to be around 115 Bt-CO 2 , as against 165 Bt-CO 2 for the reference scenario. To achieve such emission reduction, while maintaining high economic growth and meeting sustainable development goals, will require transformations to manifest at sub-national levels through technological transitions and strong social engineering. Our analysis shows that transitions are endemic such as shifting towards cleaner fuels, resource efficient technologies, widespread use of ICTs to balance demand-supply (e.g. smart grids), substituting demand in transport (e.g. work from home), aggressive promotion of renewables, lifestyle changes, and CCS. Modelling decarbonisation to meet the needs of increasing population and urbanization is a challenge due to the myriad and distributed nature of technologies used to provide various services, involving risks and uncertainties. The paper finally outlines specific opportunities and challenges faced to meet the increased mitigation ambition to limit the warming to 2 °C and below.
A significant number of studies have been made in the area of agricultural economics; however, there is a paucity of work that investigates factors or determinants which influence the financial performance of agro cooperatives. This paper investigates determinants of financial performance for the United States (U.S.) agricultural cooperatives for the period 2009–2017. By using the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) database, we created a sample of 37 U.S. agro cooperatives. For analysis, we used panel regression analysis as it is suitable to deal with fixed effect or random effect error component presented in the model. Finding states that the U.S. agro cooperatives are found highly sensitive to economic policy uncertainty. The results provide evidence of a negative relationship between size and profitability. Moreover, the impact of growth and capital intensity is also reflected in the return on asset (ROA). In this study, we considered ROA as a proxy for firm performance. Implications and suggestions for further new research are also discussed.
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