The demand of lithium in the global market is experiencing a significant increase. The electric vehicle era is the driving force of this lithium increase phenomenon. Although the demand of lithium continues to increase every year, the available lithium resources are still not able to meet the demand, so that lithium resources with much greater potential are being considered. The main objective of this study is to extract lithium from a primary resource, geothermal brine, with a practical and environmentally friendly method. Research on the extraction of lithium resources from synthetic geothermal brine with a specific lithium composition using the electrodialysis (ED) method has been carried out. The ED device used is provided with electricity and is operated using temperature variations (30°C and 40°C) and variations in electric voltage (2 V and 4 V). The highest flux is achieved at an operating temperature of 40°C and a power supply voltage of 4 V.
There is a shift from internal combustion engines to electric vehicles (EVs), with the primary goal of reducing CO2 emissions from road transport. Battery technology is at the heart of this transition as it is vital to hybrid and fully electric vehicles’ performance, affordability, and reliability. However, it is not abundant in nature. Lithium has many uses, one of which is heat transfer applications; synthesized as an alloying agent for batteries, glass, and ceramics, it therefore has a high demand on the global market. Lithium can be attained by extraction from other natural resources in igneous rocks, in the waters of mineral springs, and geothermal brine. During the research, geothermal brine was used because, from the technological point of view, geothermal brine contains higher lithium content than other resources such as seawater. The nanofiltration separation process was operated using various solutions of pH 5, 7, and 10 at high pressures. The varying pressures are 11, 13, and 15 bar. The nanofiltration method was used as the separation process. High pressure of inert nitrogen gas was used to supply the driving force to separate lithium from other ions and elements in the sample. The research results supported the selected parameters where higher pressure and pH provided more significant lithium recovery but were limited by concentration polarization. The optimal operating conditions for lithium recovery in this research were obtained at a pH of 10 under a pressure of 15 bar, with the highest lithium recovery reaching more than 75%.
Indonesia is one of the countries in the world that has been utilizing geothermal as a renewable energy source to generate electricity. Depending on the geological setting, geothermal brine possesses critical elements worthwhile to extract. One of the critical elements is lithium which is interesting in being processed as raw material for the battery industries. This study thoroughly presented titanium oxide material for lithium recovery from artificial geothermal brine and the effect of Li/Ti mole ratio, temperature, and solution pH. The precursors were synthesized using TiO 2 and Li 2 CO 3 with several variations of the Li/Ti mole ratio mixed at room temperature for 10 min. The mixture of 20 g of raw materials was put into a 50 mL crucible and then calcined in a muffle furnace. The calcination temperature in the furnace was varied to 600, 750, and 900 °C for 4 h with a heating rate. of 7.55 °C/min. After the synthesis process, the precursor is reacted with acid (delithiation). Delithiation aims to release lithium ions from the host Li 2 TiO 3 (LTO) precursor and replace it with hydrogen ions through an ion exchange mechanism. The adsorption process lasted for 90 min, and the stirring speed was 350 rpm on a magnetic stirrer with temperature variations of 30, 40, and 60 °C and pH values of 4, 8, and 12. This study has shown that synthetic precursors synthesized based on titanium oxide can absorb lithium from brine sources. The maximum recovery obtained at pH 12 and a temperature of 30 °C was 72%, with the maximum adsorption capacity obtained was 3.55 mg Li/gr adsorbent. Shrinking Core Model (SCM) kinetics model provided the most fitted model to represent the kinetics model (R 2 = 0.9968), with the constants k f , Ds, and k, are 2.2360 × 10 −9 cm/s; 1.2211 × 10 –13 cm 2 /s; and 1.0467 × 10 –8 cm/s. Graphical Abstract
Salah satu sumber daya mineral yang berperan penting dalam kehidupan masyarakat di dunia adalah timah. Sumber daya timah dapat diolah menjadi timah sulfat yang memiliki nilai jual dan manfaat yang lebih tinggi. Timah(II) sulfat digunakan dalam aplikasi industri dan manufaktur sebagai agen elektroplating dan produk perawatan permukaan logam. Permintaan timah sulfat di pasar global mengalami peningkatan yang signifikan. Beberapa metode produksi timah sulfat telah dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan kualitas sumber daya timah. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengolah sumber daya timah dengan metode yang efektif dan ramah lingkungan yang terkait sintesis timah(II) sulfat dengan metode elektrolisis. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa konsentrasi larutan elektrolit dan tegangan operasi sangat mempengaruhi sintesis timah(II) sulfat. Namun, variabel ini dibatasi oleh luas permukaan yang terbatas. Kondisi terbaik penelitian terjadi pada tegangan operasi 0,6V dan larutan elektrolit dengan konsentrasi 0,05 M.
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