We report a systematic first-principles study on positron annihilation parameters in the β-Ga 2 O 3 lattice and Ga monovacancy defects complemented with orientation-dependent experiments of the Doppler broadening of the positron-electron annihilation. We find that both the β-Ga 2 O 3 lattice and the considered defects exhibit unusually strong anisotropy in their Doppler broadening signals. This anisotropy is associated with low symmetry of the β-Ga 2 O 3 crystal structure that leads to unusual kind of one-dimensional confinement of positrons even in the delocalized state in the lattice. In particular, the split Ga vacancies recently observed by scanning transmission electron microscopy produce unusually anisotropic positron annihilation signals. We show that in experiments, the positron annihilation signals in β-Ga 2 O 3 samples seem to be often dominated by split Ga vacancies.

A spectroscopic descriptor of the link between lattice distortion and voltage in Li battery materials.

Auger processes involving the filling of holes in the valence band are thought to make important contributions to the low-energy photoelectron and secondary electron spectrum from many solids. However, measurements of the energy spectrum and the efficiency with which electrons are emitted in this process remain elusive due to a large unrelated background resulting from primary beam-induced secondary electrons. Here, we report the direct measurement of the energy spectra of electrons emitted from single layer graphene as a result of the decay of deep holes in the valence band. These measurements were made possible by eliminating competing backgrounds by employing low-energy positrons (<1.25 eV) to create valence-band holes by annihilation. Our experimental results, supported by theoretical calculations, indicate that between 80 and 100% of the deep valence-band holes in graphene are filled via an Auger transition.

Topological insulators are attracting considerable interest due to their potential for technological applications and as platforms for exploring wide-ranging fundamental science questions. In order to exploit, fine-tune, control and manipulate the topological surface states, spectroscopic tools which can effectively probe their properties are of key importance. Here, we demonstrate that positrons provide a sensitive probe for topological states, and that the associated annihilation spectrum provides a new technique for characterizing these states. Firm experimental evidence for the existence of a positron surface state near Bi2Te2Se with a binding energy of E b = 2.7 ± 0.2 eV is presented, and is confirmed by first-principles calculations. Additionally, the simulations predict a significant signal originating from annihilation with the topological surface states and shows the feasibility to detect their spin-texture through the use of spin-polarized positron beams.

We discuss positron-annihilation lifetimes for a set of illustrative bulk materials within the framework of the weighted-density-approximation (WDA). The WDA can correctly describe electronpositron correlations in strongly inhomogeneous systems, such as surfaces, where the applicability of (semi-) local approximations is limited. We analyze the WDA in detail and show that the electrons which cannot screen external charges efficiently, such as the core electrons, cannot be treated accurately via the pair-correlation of the homogeneous electron gas. We discuss how this problem can be addressed by reducing the screening in the homogeneous electron gas by adding terms depending on the gradient of the electron density. Further improvements are obtained when core electrons are treated within the LDA and the valence electron using the WDA. Finally, we discuss a semi-empirical WDA-based approach in which a sum-rule is imposed to reproduce the experimental lifetimes.