AbstractHyperlipidemia and cognitive dysfunction (CD) are the two public health concerns. Though hyperlipidemia has been comprehensively studied in respect of cardiovascular diseases, its role on CD needs to be explored. Hence, we evaluated hyperlipidemia as a risk factor for CD, and the efficacy of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), and zerumbone (Z) in modulating CD under hyperlipidemic conditions. Male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were fed control, high-fat (HF), high-fat + fish oil (HF+F), high-fat + zerumbone (HF+Z), and high-fat + fish oil + zerumbone (HF+F+Z) containing diet. After 30 days feeding trial, memory parameters [(Morris water maze, elevated plus maze (transfer latency), and T-maze (spontaneous alteration)], and locomotor skills (open field test and rotarod test) were assessed. Hyperlipidemia significantly (p<0.05) reduced memory and motor coordination skills compared to control. However, the administration of EPA+DHA and zerumbone significantly (p<0.05) restored the hyperlipidemia-induced loss of memory and motor coordination skills. Collectively, our data imply that hyperlipidemia causes CD by decreasing the memory and motor coordination skills, and administration of EPA+DHA and zerumbone prevent hyperlipidemia induced CD. The augmented effect of EPA+DHA, together with zerumbone, discloses a promising strategy for lowering the severity of CD in hyperlipidemic conditions.
Background: Oxidative stress (OS) plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of cognitive disorders. In this study, brain antioxidant defense dysregulation as a consequence of hyperlipidemia, and the efficacy of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and zerumbone (Z) in their modulation are assessed. Methods and results: Male Wistar rats are fed control, high-fat (HF), HF + fish oil (HF+F), HF + zerumbone (HF+Z), and HF + fish oil + zerumbone (HF+F+Z) diet for 60 days. Markers of OS, antioxidant enzymes, monoamine oxidase, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF-2), nitric oxide-2 (NOS-2), inter cellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and neurotrophins are measured. Hyperlipidemia increases OS, decreases antioxidant enzyme activity, increases monoamine oxidase activity, increases NOS-2 and ICAM-1 expression, decreases NRF-2 activation, decreases nerve growth factor (NGF), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the brain compared to control. While EPA+DHA and zerumbone significantly (p < 0.05) restores the perturbations induced by hyperlipidemia. Conclusion: It is concluded that hyperlipidemia cause OS by decreasing the activity of brain antioxidant enzymes via the downregulation of NRF-2. The reduced brain neurotrophins in hyperlipidemia indicate its potential risk on cognitive attributes. EPA+DHA, together with zerumbone, positively modulates hyperlipidemia induced brain dysfunction thereby offering promising therapeutic strategy.
Polysaccharides play significant role in the management of different cancer types including gastric cancer. Here, we report the effect of spirulina polysaccharide (Sp) on galectin-3 modulatory activity in gastric cancer cells (AGS). The isolated Sp possessed an average molecular weight of 1457 kDa and galactose (42%) as a major sugar consisting of (β1−4D) units with a galactoarabinorhamnoglycan backbone. The Sp inhibited the proliferation of AGS cells by 48% without affecting normal NIH/3T3 cells as compared to doxorubicin, a known anticancer drug. Also, Sp exhibited significant (p < 0.05) galectin-3 mediated hemeagglutination inhibition with MIC of 9.37 μg/mL compared to galactose (6.25 μg/mL), a sugar specific to galectin-3. Galactose showed the highest molecular interaction with galectin-3 in the in silico study. In addition, Sp exhibited the cytoprotection in RBCs, buccal cells, and DNA exposed to oxidants. These findings suggest that Sp offers a promising therapeutic tool in the management of gastric cancer.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.