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How racial barriers play in the experiences of Mexican Americans has been hotly debated. Some consider Mexican Americans similar to European Americans of a century ago that arrived in the United States with modest backgrounds but were eventually able to participate fully in society. In contrast, others argue that Mexican Americans have been racialized throughout U.S. history and this limits their participation in society. The evidence of persistent educational disadvantages across generations and frequent reports of discrimination and stereotyping support the racialization argument. In this paper, we explore the ways in which race plays a role in the lives of Mexican Americans by examining how education, racial characteristics, social interactions, relate to racial outcomes. We use the Mexican American Study Project, a unique data set based on a 1965 survey of Mexican Americans in Los Angeles and San Antonio combined with surveys of the same respondents and their adult children in 2000, thereby creating a longitudinal and intergenerational data set. First, we found that darker Mexican Americans, therefore appearing more stereotypically Mexican, report more experiences of discrimination. Second, darker men report much more discrimination than lighter men and than women overall. Third, more educated Mexican Americans experience more stereotyping and discrimination than their less-educated counterparts, which is partly due to their greater contact with Whites. Lastly, having greater contact with Whites leads to experiencing more stereotyping and discrimination. Our results are indicative of the ways in which Mexican Americans are racialized in the United States.

This paper demonstrates that the relationship between language orientation and mental health varies by level of socioeconomic statuis. Amuong lower status Mexican Americans, whose language orienitation ranged primarily from exclusive Spanish use to the use of both languages equally, greater use of Spanish led to worse miienital health. Amuong higher status Chicanos, whose language orientation ranged primarily from exclusive English use to the use of both languages equally, greater use of English led to worse mental health. The major implication of this study is that Chicanos who incorporate behavioral aspects of American culture to the total exclusion of Mexican culture are less healthy while those who incorporate both cultures simultaneously are psychologically healthier.

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<p class="p1"><strong>Antecedentes.</strong> La competencia para el cuidado en el hogar es parte de las características fundamentales requeridas en la atención de personas con enfermedad crónica y se describe como la capacidad, habilidad y preparación que tiene el usuario o su cuidador familiar para ejercer la labor de cuidar. </p><p class="p1"><strong>Objetivo.</strong> Describir y comparar la competencia para cuidar en el hogar de personas con enfermedad crónica, así como la competencia de sus cuidadores familiares para atenderlas en el hogar.</p><p class="p1"><strong>Materiales y métodos.</strong> Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, comparativo y de corte transversal desarrollado entre 2012 y 2014 en las cinco regiones geográficas de Colombia. La muestra está compuesta de 2231 personas con enfermedad crónica y cuidadores familiares. Se emplearon los instrumentos <em>Encuesta de caracterización para el cuidado de una diada persona con enfermedad crónica-cuidador familiar y Competencia para cuidar en el hogar GCPC-UN-CPC, versión paciente y cuidador familiar. </em></p><p class="p1">Del mismo modo, se utilizó estadística descriptiva para analizar la competencia para cuidar en el hogar y sus dimensiones a partir de los niveles de estratificación alto, medio y bajo; para la comparación se utilizaron pruebas no paramétricas en muestras independientes. </p><p class="p1"><strong>Resultados.</strong> Tanto las personas con enfermedad crónica como los cuidadores familiares tienen niveles heterogéneos de competencia para cuidar en el hogar en las diferentes regiones del país. En ambos casos los niveles superiores se encuentran en la Región Amazónica y los más bajos en la Pacífica. Estos niveles de competencia para cuidar en el hogar distan de ser adecuados para garantizar la calidad y seguridad que se requiere. </p><p class="p1"><strong>Conclusión.</strong> Los indicadores de cuidado continuo deben tener en cuenta la diada receptor-cuidador familiar y abordar el talento humano, las instituciones y al mismo sistema general de seguridad social en salud para modificar una realidad que, de no ser atendida, resultará agobiante para el país. </p>

This research focuses upon intergenerational changes in ethnic identity within the family. The analysis is guided by the theoretical postulate that ethnic identity is influenced by receptivity to external influences stemming from the host society and by length of exposure to the new host environment. Findings indicate that both education and age at arrival have significant independent effects upon the ethnic identity of mothers, fathers and children and that the child's education and age at arrival are significantly and independently related to changes in ethnic identity in the family.