Overweight and obesity are health conditions tightly related to a number of metabolic complications collectively called “metabolic syndrome” (MetS). Clinical diagnosis of MetS includes the presence of the increased waist circumference or so-called abdominal obesity, reduced high density lipoprotein level, elevated blood pressure, and increased blood glucose and triacylglyceride levels. Different approaches, including diet-induced and genetically induced animal models, have been developed to study MetS pathogenesis and underlying mechanisms. Studies of metabolic disturbances in the fruit fly Drosophila and mammalian models along with humans have demonstrated that fruit flies and small mammalian models like rats and mice have many similarities with humans in basic metabolic functions and share many molecular mechanisms which regulate these metabolic processes. In this paper, we describe diet-induced, chemically and genetically induced animal models of the MetS. The advantages and limitations of rodent and Drosophila models of MetS and obesity are also analyzed.
Параоксонази - це група ферментів ссавців з арилдиалкілфосфатазною активністю, і найбільш вивченою з праоксоназ є параоксоназа 1 (PON 1). Параоксоназа 1 вперше була описана у 1940-х роках як фермент, виявлений у тканинах ссавців, здатний гідролізувати фосфорорганічні пестициди. Однак останні дослідження показали, що PON 1 також відіграє захисну роль при захворюваннях, пов’язаних із запаленням і оксидативним стресом та виявляє протизапальні, антиоксидантні, антиатерогенні, антидіабетичні, антимікробні та детоксикаційні властивості. Зокрема, PON 1 важлива для захисту від судинних захворювань, оскільки метаболізує окислені ліпіди у складі ліпопротеїдних комплексів крові. Деякі дослідження показують, що знижена активність PON 1 пов’язана з ризиком розвитку серцево-судинних захворювань, а також ожиріння, метаболічного синдрому та раку. Тому визначення активності параоксонази можна вважати важливим біомаркером у діагностиці вищевказаних захворювань. У цій роботі ми оптимізували умови спектрофотометричного визначення активності параоксанази в крові та печінці мишей. Адаптовано протокол для визначення арилестеразної активності PON1 з використанням нітрофенілацетату як субстрату. Концентрація нітрофенілацетату 3,2 ммоль/л була обрана для визначення параоксонази в тканинах мишей. Питома активність PON 1 у цих тканинах була різною - 210±17 мОд/мг у плазмі крові та 66,5±8,5 мОд/мг у супернатанті печінки. Рекомендований об'єм надосадової рідини для визначення PON 1 становить 5 мкл для плазми та 10 мкл для печінки в реакційній суміші загальним об'ємом 1,25 мл.
Obesity and metabolic syndrome are becoming the number one health problem in modern society. Unhealthy diet with sedentary life style are considered to be the main causes of obesity. Food with excessive fat and fructose play an important role here. The aim of this work was to study the effects of feeding with lard, as a source of fat, or fructose, as a source of carbohydrates, on physiological and biochemical parameters of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster Canton S. The addition of 10% lard to the basic medium containing 5% fructose inhibited pupation of Canton S larvae. Medium with 15% fructose did not affect larval pupation rate. One-week feeding with medium containing 10% lard reduced climbing activity in 9-day-old Canton S males. In addition, food with 15% lard reduced climbing activity in female flies. One-week feeding with high fructose medium (15% fructose) did not affect climbing activity of flies of both sexes. Both high calorie diets, with lard and fructose, significantly increased the resistance of males to cold stress (measured by reducing time required for recovery from chill coma), but reduced heat stress resistance (determined by faster onset in heat coma at 40°C) in both sexes. The resistance of insects to starvation was reduced on high lard medium but not on fructose one. Foods enriched with fructose or lard did not affect food consumption, body masses and triacylglyceride content and levels of low- and high-molecular thiols in 9-day-old of flies of both sexes. In addition, feeding with high lard resulted in a downward trend in lower glucose and glycogen levels, whereas high fructose had the opposite effects. Thus, foods with high fructose and lard modulated stress resistance in adult flies and may affect energy metabolism. Detailed mechanisms underlying physiological effects of high fructose and lard in Drosophila needs further research.
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a pathologic multifaceted condition characterized by elevated triacylglycerides, decreased high density lipoproteins, insulin resistance, increased blood pressure and fasting glucose. Together these abnormalities increase a risk of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Overnutrition and sedentary lifestyle followed by overweight and obesity are the main contributing factors to MetS development. The pathogenesis of MetS is very complex and not fully elucidated. The studies support the concept of oxidant/antioxidant imbalance and low-grade inflammation playing main roles in its manifestations. Diagnosis with MetS and the development of MetS complications can be detected and monitored via specific serum biomarkers. In this paper, we describe classical metabolic, hormonal and pro-/anti-inflammatory markers which are the most frequently used for MetS diagnostic and research. They include serum lipid profile (triacylglycerides, total cholesterol, low and high density lipoproteins), blood pressure, fasting glucose and HOMA-IR index, levels of anti-inflammatory adiponectin, pro-inflammatory C-reactive protein and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, etc.). We also analyze advantages of additional criteria such as levels of oxidative damages, appetite hormones (leptin, ghrelin), apolipoproteins and oxylipins, the composition of gut microbiota and levels of microbiome-derived metabolites, the ratios between different parameters as helpful biomarkers of MetS and concomitant cardiovascular diseases.
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