The confrontational or adversarial approach is one of the main factors that forms the basis of the criminal justice system. However, its application in the pre-trial phase is limited. Therefore, this document aims to demonstrate the importance of analyzing theoretical and practical problems. The choice of documentary and casuistic methodology allowed the following conclusions to be reached: Currently, the Russian police are undergoing changes that aim to humanize the criminal process, to solve fundamental challenges in the protection of the rights, liberty and interests of a person in the pre-trial investigation that will guarantee the confrontation system in criminal proceedings. We conducted a comparative legal investigation and analyzed criminal case files, as well as the results of questionnaire surveys conducted among investigators and attorneys. Overall, the results represent the actual state of cases in the pre-trial phase and help determine areas of development. We propose feasible changes to the criminal procedure legislation of the Russian Federation that will eliminate the disparity between some of its regulations and the requirements of the confrontation system in general.
The criminal acts encroaching on credit funds of banks are widespread in all regions of the Russian Federation. They threat the banking industry in the economy which is the main constituent of the country’s financial system. Currently, investigative authorities face difficulties in starting criminal proceedings against persons committing such crimes. This article focuses on devising an algorithm for criminal proceedings in this sphere for complicated cases and to ensure effective criminal prosecution actions and harm compensation at the pre-trial phase of criminal proceedings.
Background: The leukocytes play an essential role in the development of pathological conditions such as diabetes and its complications. The 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which usually is inhibited in T2D, controls the energy balance of the cell. Aim: To study the phosphorylation of AMPK α-subunit (Thr172), and thus its activation, in blood cells at combined T2D patients treatment with insulin, metformin and dapagliflozin. Methods: To determine the amount of phospho-AMPK (phospho-threonine 172) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit ab154468 (Abcam, UK) was used. The results of the study are presented as M ± SD, n = 3-6. To compare the data groups, Student's t-test was used. Values of P ≤ 0.05 were considered as significant. Results: It has been shown that metformin increased the activity of AMPK in the leukocytes of patients with T2D more than 3-6 times compared with patients before treatment. Dapagliflozin increases the activity of AMPK and enhances the effect of metformin in the leucocytes of patients with T2D. The mechanisms of drug interaction and the consequences of their antagonism are discussed. Conclusion: AMPK activity in leukocytes may be additional indicator of the effectiveness of the hypoglycemic drugs action and status of the disease. Disclosure V.V. Pushkarev: None. L.K. Sokolova: None. V.M. Pushkarev: None. T. Vatseba: None. M.D. Tronko: None.
The objective of the article was to analyze the process of criminal prosecution of people accused of committing crimes against the banking sector in the Russian Federation. Detecting such crimes, identifying the people who committed them in and compensating for the damages caused by such acts is the most difficult task for law enforcement officials in Russia. The most important part of these activities are procedural questions about the timing of the commencement of criminal proceedings and the procedure for their implementation in pre-trial proceedings. The methodological basis of this research is formed by the processing of the results of criminal cases, the results of surveys of researchers and detectives, members of the educational and methodological group of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. The authors have proposed the drafting of article 5, paragraph 55, of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation and its corresponding amendments to article 11. It is concluded that these contributions will make it possible to carry out the procedural work on compensation for damages caused by a crime in a much more effective manner.
The article examines the significant problems of the initiating and termination of criminal prosecution in pre-trial proceedings in criminal cases of economic crimes. The author concludes that it is necessary to correct the criminal procedure legislation in order to exclude the possibility of using criminal prosecution as a means of pressure on businesses and entrepreneurs. New norms of criminal procedure law are formulated to achieve this goal.
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