This study was conducted to determine the effects of bypass fat on postpartum reproductive performance in dairy cattle. A total of 40 advance pregnant crossbred dairy cows of 2 nd to 5 th parity were randomly divided into two groups, control (n=10) and treatment (n=30). The control animals were maintained on routine standard feeding schedule. The treatment animals in addition to routine standard feeding schedule, were supplemented orally daily with extra 100 g of bypass fat (Enerfat, Kemin) for about 2 weeks before expected date of calving and continued one week after calving. The level of bypass fat was then increased as per the milk production @ 10 gram per litre of milk produced until 60 days postpartum limiting to maximum of 250 gram/day. Blood samples were collected from each animal at 2 week prior to expected date of calving (-14), day 0, 10, 20 and 30 of calving, for the estimation of various blood biochemical parameters. Gross uterine involution and the interval from calving to first estrus occurrence were recorded. Bypass supplementation non-significantly reduce uterine involution time and time from calving to first postpartum observed estrus. Peripartum bypass fat supplementation significantly (P<0.05) increased serum glucose and total cholesterol but significantly (P<0.05) decreased serum (non-esterified fatty acids) NEFA level.
Cultivation of Spirulina platensis under salt stress conditions (0.02 M as control), 0.04 and 0.08 M NaCl led to a remarkable alteration of algal metabolism as well as an enhancement or induction of biologically active compounds. Concerning algal growth, salt stress caused a decrease in dry weight, chlorophyll a content as well as certain xanthophylls (neoxanthin and violaxanthin) while β-carotene production was stimulated especially at higher salt concentrations. Biochemical analysis of salt stressed algal revealed that lipid content was slightly increased together with certain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids especially the polyunsaturated ones (γ-inolenic acid, omega 3 fatty acid). Electrophoretic analysis of soluble protein pointed out that certain high molecular weight protein bands were not detected comparing with the protein marker. Five new protein bands of molecular weights 190, 158, 113, 77 and 28 KDa were recorded, in addition to an increase in the intensity of 6 already existing bands. Phosphate buffer and water extracts of the algal exhibited antiviral activities against both Hepatitis-A-virus-type-MBB (HAV-MBB strain, RNA virus) and Herpes simplex-virus-type-1 (HSV-1, DNA virus). Water extracts were found to be more effective than phosphate buffer extracts in inducing antiviral activities (98%) especially against HSV-1 virus. The same water extract of the salt stressed algal demonstrated higher anticoagulating activity compared with those of heparin and the positive control measured by clotting time assay. Antioxidant activity of the algal successive extracts against 2, 2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis (ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical methods revealed moderate antioxidant activity of the non-polar algal extracts (petroleum ether) which were doubled with increasing extract concentration. The lowest activity was recorded by the partially polar (ethyl acetate) algal extract of both concentrations at all salinity levels. While the polar extracts (ethanol and water) showed higher antioxidant activities which were doubled with increasing extract concentration. Ethanolic algal extract (100 µg/ ml at 0.08 M NaCl) exhibited the highest antioxidant activity compared with those of the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxy anisol as standard (85.0, 89.9 and 86.0, 91.8% respectively).Key words: Spirulina platensis, antioxidant-antivirus, biochemical studies, salt stress. INTRODUCTIONMany cyanobacteria and micro algae were considered as a natural source of various biologically and pharmacologically active compounds with structurally complex molecules which are difficult or impossible to be *Corresponding author. E-mail: dremad2009@yahoo.com.produced by chemical synthesis (Smith and Doan, 1999). Genus Spirulina has gained an importance and international demand for its high phytonutrients value and pigments which have applications in healthy foods, animal feed, therapeutics and diagnostics (Becker, 1994;Vonshak and Tomaselli, 2000). Spirulina has been used as food and nutritional ...
The data were collected from 120 sheep rearers selected from 8 villages of two Tehsil of Bikaner District. The information was collected from respondents on lamb rearing of sheep rearers by an interview schedule. Flock size was affected significantly by immediate cleaning of lamb after birth and not affected by rest of lamb rearing practices. Maximum sheep keepers at 70.83 per cent were not aware about cleaning of lamb after birth and only 6.67 per cent were well aware about disinfection of navel cord. Colostrum feeding to lamb and suckling of lamb for more than 3 month was practiced by 99.17 and 58.33 per cent sheep rearers, respectively. About 70.83 per cent respondents were not aware about control of external parasites. Isolation of Lamb was not followed by 99.17 per cent respondents.
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