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in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com)With the increasing attention toward sustainable development, biomass has been identified as one of the most promising sources of renewable energy. To convert biomass into value-added products and energy, an integrated processing facility, known as an integrated biorefinery is needed. To date, various biomass conversion systems such as gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion and fermentation are well established. Due to a large number of technologies available, systematic synthesis of a sustainable integrated biorefinery which simultaneously considers economic performance, environmental impact, and energy requirement is a challenging task. To address this issue, multiobjective optimization approaches are used in this work to synthesize a sustainable integrated biorefinery. In addition, a novel approach (incremental environmental burden) to assess the environmental impact for an integrated biorefinery is presented. To illustrate the proposed approach, a palm-based biomass case study is solved.Since k is a continuous variable ranged between 0 to 1 Eq. 16 is also included in the optimization model 136

An energy system is a crucial component in fulfilling the energy requirements of a given industrial process. If not designed appropriately, energy systems may not be able to perform designated operations in an optimised manner. Mathematical optimisation approaches have had a long history in addressing the synthesis of energy systems. Mathematical optimisation approaches are part of a larger domain known as process systems engineering (PSE). The main objective of this review is to provide a state-of-the-art overview of the mathematical optimisation approaches developed, particularly those developed for synthesis of energy systems, including the handling of uncertainty and the optimisation of multiple objectives. Subsequently, the synthesis of energy systems is further discussed on specific areas such as reliability, operability, flexibility and retrofit and eco-industrial parks. Following this, an overall analysis of the contributions in these areas is provided. Finally, future research directions are identified at the end of this review.

A biomass-based trigeneration system produces heat, power and cooling energy simultaneously. To synthesize a biomass-based trigeneration system, decision makers are required to consider a wide range of technologies based on various factors (e.g., capital investment, operating cost, availability and reliability of the technologies, etc.). In addition, both short-term and long-term uncertainties that may arise during the course of operations should also be taken into consideration. If not considered at the synthesis stage, uncertainties would prevent the designed energy system from meeting the required energy demands and cause possible bottlenecks during operation. With such consideration, not all available technologies are economically and operationally sensible. Thus, it is essential to develop a systematic approach to synthesize a biomass-based trigeneration system with consideration of uncertainties. In this work, a multiperiod optimization approach for the systematic synthesis of a biomass-based trigeneration system with variations in raw material supply and corresponding energy demand is presented. Following the concept of multiperiod optimization approach, the fraction of occurrence for each biomass supply and energy demand scenario is included. Meanwhile, the maximum capacities of each technology that can operate in all scenarios are determined. In addition, selection of design capacities based on available sizes in the market is also performed simultaneously. To illustrate the proposed approach, a trigeneration system with palm-based biomass as feedstock is solved.

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