Aim:The aim of the study was to assess the antibiotic use in dairy animals and to trace its usage pattern among the small, medium, and large dairy farmers in Eastern Haryana region of India.Materials and Methods:Karnal and Kurukshetra districts from Eastern region of Haryana state were purposively selected, and four villages from each district were selected randomly. From each village, 21 farmers were selected using stratified random sampling by categorizing into small, medium, and large farmers constituting a total of 168 farmers as respondents. An antibiotic usage index (AUI) was developed to assess usage of antibiotics by dairy farmers.Results:Frequency of veterinary consultancy was high among large dairy farmers, and they mostly preferred veterinarians over para-veterinarians for treatment of dairy animals. Small farmers demanded low-cost antibiotics from veterinarians whereas large farmers rarely went for it. Antibiotics were used maximum for therapeutic purposes by all categories of farmers. Completion of treatment schedules and follow-up were strictly practiced by the majority of large farmers. AUI revealed that large farmers were more consistent on decision-making about prudent use of antibiotics. Routine use of antibiotics after parturition to prevent disease and sale of milk without adhering to withdrawal period was responsible for aggravating the antibiotic resistance. The extent of antibiotic use by small farmers depended on the severity of disease. The large farmers opted for the prophylactic use of antibiotics at the herd level.Conclusion:Antibiotic usage practices were judicious among large dairy farmers, moderately prudent by medium dairy farmers and faulty by small farmers. The frequency of veterinary consultancy promoted better veterinary-client relationship among large farmers.
The investigation was carried out to estimate the components of genetic variability and associated statistical parameters for grain quality traits of 215 indigenous rice landraces of Chhattisgarh, India. Substantial genetic variability among the all genotypes was observed for the characteristics under study. All the genotypes were showed highly significant differences for all the studied grain quality traits. Coefficient of variation ranges from 8.61% for hulling percentage to 45.01% for alkali spreading value. Negligible difference between genotypic coefficient of variation and phenotypic coefficient of variation was observed for all the traits. High heritability with high genetic advance as percent mean was observed for all the grain quality traits except for hulling percent and milling percent. These results indicated that direct selection based on phenotypic performance could be rewarding for all quality traits because they are less influenced by environment and mostly governed by additive gene action. It has been observed that sixty nine genotypes had short slender type grain characteristics whereas; forty seven genotypes have short bold type grains. Thirty genotypes showed more than 80% hulling percent, fifty six genotypes showed more than 70% milling percent and fourteen genotypes showed more than 65%
Aims:To Study on the Effect of nitrogen levels on growth and yield of mustard (Brassica juncea Curzen and Cross.) varieties under late sown condition Study Design: The Field experiment was laid out in a Factorial randomized block design used in this study.
Rice has been cultivating and utilizing by humans for thousands of years under diverse environmental conditions. Therefore, tremendous genetic differentiation and diversity has occurred at various agro-ecosystems. The significant indica–japonica differentiation in rice provides great opportunities for its genetic improvement. In the present investigation, a total of 42 polymorphic InDel markers were used for differentiating 188 rice landraces and two local varieties of Chhattisgarh, India into indica and japonica related genotypes based on ‘InDel molecular index’. Frequency of japonica alleles varied from 0.11 to 0.89 among landraces. Results revealed that 104 rice landraces have indica type genetic architecture along with three tested indica cultivars Swarna, Mahamaya and Rajeshwari. Another 60 landraces were placed under ‘close to indica’ type. It was found that three rice landraces i.e. Kalajeera, Kapri, Tulsimala were ‘close to japonica’ type and 21 landraces were ‘intermediate’ type. The result from the calculation of ‘InDel molecular index’ was further verified with STRUCTURE, AMOVA, PCA and cluster analysis. Population structure analysis revealed two genetically distinct populations within the 190 rice landraces/genotypes. Based on AMOVA, ‘intermediate’ type, ‘close to japonica’ type and Dongjinbyeo (a japonica cultivar from Republic of Korea) displayed significant genetic differentiation (ɸPT = 0.642, P = 0.000) from ‘indica’ and ‘close to indica’ groups. The PCA scatter plot and dendrogram demonstrated a clear pattern of two major group differentiations. ‘Close to japonica’ type and ‘intermediate’ type landraces/genotypes were grouped with Dongjinbyeo and formed a separate cluster at 30% Jaccard’s similarity level from rest of the landraces/genotypes which were ‘close to indica’ or ‘indica’ type. Such a significant genetic differentiation among the locally adapted landraces could be exploited for the development of rice varieties introgressing higher yield potential and better plant types of japonica type as per the need of consumers and rice traders.
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