To eliminate the elaborate processes employed in other non-biological-based protocols and low cost production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), this study reports biogenic synthesis of AgNPs using silver salt precursor with aqueous extract of Aspergillus fumigates MA. Influence of silver precursor concentrations, concentration ratio of fungal extract and silver nitrate, contact time, reaction temperature and pH are evaluated to find their effects on AgNPs synthesis. Ultraviolet-visible spectra gave surface plasmon resonance at 420 nm for AgNPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques further confirmed the synthesis and crystalline nature of AgNPs, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy observed spherical shapes of synthesised AgNPs within the range of 3-20 nm. The AgNPs showed potent antimicrobial efficacy against various bacterial strains. Thus, the results of the current study indicate that optimisation process plays a pivotal role in the AgNPs synthesis and biogenic synthesised AgNPs might be used against bacterial pathogens; however, it necessitates clinical studies to find out their potential as antibacterial agents.
In this study the effect of probiotic preparations and plant extract was investigated against eleven fish bacterial pathogens viz. Aeromonas hydrophila, Cellobiococcus sp., Enterobacter aerogenes, E. cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Streptobacillus sp., Streptococcus sp., Pseudomonas fluorescens and Staphylococcus aureus. All these pathogens were found to be resistant for antibiotics viz. nitrofurantoin, amoxycillin, bacitracin, cephalothin, erythromycin, novobiocin, vancomycin , amphicillin, oxacillin and colistin. In vitro antagonism test of the probiotics was performed by using well diffusion method. In case of probiotic Aquapro TM , effective zone of inhibition of 2.433 cm was observed for P. fluorescens and K. pneumoniae. The extracts of Azadirachta indica, Aloe barbadensis, Withania somnifera and Momordica charantia were studied in vitro alone as well as in combination with probiotic (Lactobacillus sporogenes). The zone of inhibition observed in mixed sample was less as compared to individual sample. Among the four plants extract, the W. somnifera extract was found to be the most effective and it leads to maximum inhibition (1.1 cm) recorded for E. aerogenes.
Silver ions and its salts are well known for their potent antimicrobial agent. These days, the nanosilver are widely used in a growing number of applications ranging from home disinfectants and medical devices to water purifier due to properties of silver at the nano level. Nanosilver has a large ratio of surface which dramatically increases the potential for silver ions to be accessed anywhere in body where larger silver particles cannot. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been reported using chemical and physical methods. This review describes a cost effective and ecofriendly approach for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Thus, in this review we focus on the role of microorganisms and plants in the synthesis of nanosilver and their potent application as antimicrobial agent.
A total number of one hundred cow milk samples were examined in the present study for the Sub-clinical mastitis. In our study 44% milk samples were found positive for Surf Field Mastitis Test (SFMT). Quarter wise infection rate was found to be 18.5% and 31.5% in fore and hind-quarters respectively. According to the IDF criteria, 14.17, 18.33 and 8.35% quarters had subclinical, latent and non specific mastitis, respectively. Incidence of sub-clinical mastitis was assessed in dairy cows kept under different farm management conditions in two villages of Panipat district, Haryana. The prevalence of mastitis in cows were determined by examination of changes in the udder viz., swelling, redness and hardness of udder, changes in milk colour and reduction in quality of the milk. Further, pH testing of the milk and Surf Field Mastitis Test (SFMT) was done to confirm the subclinical mastitis.
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