Coronary artery disease (CAD) has become the most common cause of mortality in the entire world.

Aim To assess whether Dual Rinse HEDP, an etidronate that can be combined with NaOCl to create an endodontic irrigating solution containing both hypochlorite and a chelator in the form of 1‐hydroxyethane 1,1‐diphosphonic acid (HEDP), alters the clinical efficacy of NaOCl or adds any untoward clinical effects. Methodology In this randomized controlled double‐blind single‐centre trial, a pure NaOCl solution was compared to a HEDP‐containing counterpart regarding antimicrobial efficacy, postoperative pain, and the host response by means of changes in MMP‐9 levels in periapical fluid. Sixty patients presenting with asymptomatic apical periodontitis (one tooth each) were randomly divided into two groups (N = 30) based on irrigation regime. Pre‐ and post‐treatment microbial aerobic and anaerobic cultures and MMP‐9/total protein (TP) periapical fluid samples were collected. Postoperative pain levels were assessed 24 h after treatment. Categorical data were compared between groups using the Fisher's exact test, continuous data using the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test, α = 0.05. Results Irrigation with pure NaOCl rendered 40% canals free of culturable microorganisms, compared to 50% with the NaOCl/HEDP mixture (P = 0.60). As assessed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time‐of‐flight analysis (MALDI‐TOF), no apparent selection of aerobic or anaerobic taxa occurred in either group. One patient in the NaOCl group experienced moderate pain, whilst two patients in the NaOCl/HEDP group experienced mild postoperative pain. MMP‐9/TP levels in periapical fluid declined significantly (P < 0.001) after 1 week with no medication in the root canal, without significant difference between treatment groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions This trial found no influence of HEDP on clinical NaOCl effects.

Outcome expectations of direct pulp capping in carious teeth are obscured by a clinically unknown infiltration and breakdown of the dental pulp tissue. Histologic studies showed that this soft tissue breakdown is related to the innate immune system. We hypothesized 1) that a neutrophil biomarker could predict the outcome of direct pulp capping and 2) that using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as a lavage solution to remove necrotized infected pulp tissue could improve it. In this randomized trial in mature posterior teeth causing no or mild discomfort with carious pulpal exposures, pulpal fluid was collected to assess neutrophil gelatinase (matrix metalloproteinase 9 [MMP-9]) per total protein (TP) levels as a predictive local biomarker. Subsequently, the dentin-pulp wound was randomly washed with a 2.5% NaOCl or a physiologic saline solution (1:1 allocation), capped with mineral trioxide aggregate, and the tooth was immediately restored with a resin-based composite restoration. Ninety-six patients were included, and 84 individuals could be followed up to treatment failure or clinically confirmed pulp survival after a minimum of 1 y. The entire data were fitted to a Cox proportional hazards model to assess the influence of the observational variables MMP-9/TP and discomfort with the randomized lavage treatment on pulp survival. The Kaplan-Meier pulp survival rates after 1 y were 55% for saline and 89% for NaOCl lavage. The inflammatory state of the pulp tissue as reflected by MMP-9/TP levels and NaOCl lavage had a highly significant ( P < 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively) impact on pulp survival, while mild preoperative discomfort did not. In conclusion, MMP-9/TP showed great promise as a predictive local biomarker, and NaOCl lavage considerably improved the survival time of cariously exposed and directly capped pulps.

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Cholinesterases belongs to class hydrolases. There are two types acetylcholinesterase and butyryl cholinesterase. Acetylcholinesterase present in nerve endings and also in the RBC membrane. It helps to maintain the shape and size of RBCs. Any change in shape and size of RBCs may affect the activity of Acetylcholinesterase. Thus this study aimed to estimate RBCs Acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity in various types of anemias and correlate the RBCs Acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity with various hematological indices such as Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Red cell Distribution Width (RDW) etc. After obtaining ethical approval from Institutional ethics committee total of 100 samples were collected from Clinical Biochemistry laboratory, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal University. 25 were having normal RBC indices, 12 with hemolytic anemia, 26 with microcytic anemia and 26 with macrocytic anemia based on peripheral smear report and RBC indices.Acetylcholinesterase were measured using Ellman's method. RBC acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly increased in microcytic anemia (58.13 ± 5.4) and macrocytic anemia (76.87 ± 6.7) than normal group (37.62 ± 2.71). Also increased RBC acetylcholinesterase was seen in hemolytic anemia (48.11 ± 5.18) but the increase is not statistically significant. RBC acetylcholinesterase correlated negatively with hemoglobin (r = -0.356, p = 0.001) and positively with RDW (r = 0.31, p = 0.003). To conclude RBC acetylcholinesterase activity can be used as one of the potential marker for various types of anemia.

Background Colorectal cancer (CC) is the third most common cancer in the world. Annona reticulata (AR) also known as bullock's heart, is a traditional herb. AR leaf extract was initially investigated for its anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-malarial, anti-helminthic, anti-stress, and wound healing properties. Only a few in vitro cancer studies have been conducted on AR. Although few studies have linked AR leaf extract to many cancers, comprehensive studies addressing regulation, biological functions, and molecular mechanisms leading to CC pathogenesis are clearly lacking. Objectives The present study aimed to explore the antioxidant and anti-cancer potentials of AR leaf extract in CC. Materials and methods The MTT assay was used to test the anti-proliferative activity of AR leaf extract in vitro on the HCT116 cell line. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical characterization was carried out using gas chromatography: mass spectrometry (GC–MS). 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) was used to establish CC model in female Wistar rats. The acute toxicity of AR leaf extract was tested in accordance with OECD guidelines. Aberrant Crypt Foci (ACF) count, organ index, and hematological estimations were used to screen for in vivo anti-cancer potential. The antioxidant activity of colon homogenate was determined. Results The alcoholic leaf extract (IC50, 0.55 μg/ml) was found to be more potent than the aqueous extract. Using GC–MS, a total of 108 compounds were quantified in the alcoholic leaf extract. The LD 50 value was found to be safe at a dose of 98.11 mg/kg of body weight. AR alcoholic leaf extract significantly (p < 0.05) decreased ACF count and normalized colon length/weight ratio. AR leaf extract increased RBC, hemoglobin and platelets levels. The AR alcoholic leaf extract reduced the DMH-induced tumors and significantly (p < 0.05) increased the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and decreased the lipid peroxidase activity. AR leaf extract reduced the inflammation caused by DMH and helped to repair the colon's damaged muscle layers. Conclusion Based on the findings from the present study, it can be concluded that the alcoholic leaf extract of AR has antioxidant and anti-proliferative properties and can aid in the prevention of CC development and dysplasia caused by DMH.

In addition to biological actions of vitamin D such as calcium absorption, regulation of bone and mineral metabolism, studies have shown that Vitamin D is necessary for normal insulin secretion. Vitamin D influences insulin production and secretion through its effect on calcium and phosphorous metabolism. Vitamin D modifies insulin response by acting on receptor gene. Vitamin D deficiency has been implicated in decreased insulin secretion and increased insulin resistance. Objective: To measure and correlate vitamin D with fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c and fasting lipid profile in euglycemic individuals. Methods: Ethics clearance was obtained prior to data collection. After an overnight fast, blood samples were collected for fasting plasma glucose, lipid profile, HbA1c and vitamin D from euglycemic individuals who consented to participate. Vitamin D assay was estimated in Elecsys 2010 by ECLIA method. Plasma glucose was estimated by Hexokinase method. Serum fasting lipid profile was estimated in Cobas 6000 (Roche), and HbA1c measured using ion exchange HPLC method using Biorad Variant II turbo. Results: There was an inverse correlation between vitamin D and fasting plasma glucose (p<0.001); Vitamin D and HbA1c (p<0.001) in groups 1 and 3. There was also a significant inverse correlation of Total cholesterol (p = 0.05), total cholesterol / HDL ratio (p<0.001) with Vitamin D and significant direct correlation of HDL with vitamin D levels in groups 1 and 3. Conclusion: Deficiency of vitamin D can predispose to dysregulation of glucose and lipoprotein metabolism. There may be a role for vitamin D in better management of diabetes and dyslipidemia.