BACKGROUNDDiabetes and hypothyroidism are two common metabolic disorders that are interrelated. The hallmarks of hypothyroidism are decreased absorption of glucose from the intestinal tract along with increased accumulation of glucose in the periphery with decreased glucose production from the liver and decreased use of glucose. For those who have subclinical or overt hypothyroidism, insulin resistance causes glucose stimulated increase in insulin secretion. Moreover, those with subclinical hypothyroidism have an independent risk for insulin resistance, especially in the muscle and adipose tissue. Hence, there is a definite link between hyperinsulinaemia, resistance to insulin and subclinical hypothyroidism.
BACKGROUNDFollow-up of patients with First line antiretroviral therapy, Cluster Differentiation (CD4) counts are done every 6 months. Viral load is not possible in resource poor settings like India. Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO's), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) treating physicians and international guidelines recommend viral load as the follow-up method for first line failure, so to study the impact of national program with immunological criteria and its sensitivity to identify virological failure is needed at this juncture.
BACKGROUNDThe cardiovascular complications of HIV can be directly due to the virus itself due to the associated risk factors like smoking and hyperlipidaemias associated in HIV patients or due to the adverse effect the antiretroviral therapy. Earlier heart diseases in HIV patients were mostly found in autopsy series. But with development of new diagnostic methods, it is now possible to diagnose the cardiovascular complications of HIV in patients at an earlier time.
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