This paper focuses on a Hybrid Process that uses feed salinity dilution and osmotic power recovery from Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO) to achieve higher overall water recovery. This reduces the energy consumption and capital costs of conventional seawater desalination and water reuse processes. The Hybrid Process increases the amount of water recovered from the current 66.7% for conventional seawater desalination and water reuse processes to a potential 80% through the use of reclaimed water brine as an impaired water source. A reduction of up to 23% in energy consumption is projected via the Hybrid Process. The attractiveness is amplified by potential capital cost savings ranging from 8.7%–20% compared to conventional designs of seawater desalination plants. A decision matrix in the form of a customizable scorecard is introduced for evaluating a Hybrid Process based on the importance of land space, capital costs, energy consumption and membrane fouling. This study provides a new perspective, looking at processes not as individual systems but as a whole utilizing strategic co-location to unlock the synergies available in the water-energy nexus for more sustainable desalination.

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Special thanks go to Dr. Chong Tzyy Haur for his invaluable help and critical comments. Huge credit goes to him for my smooth progress in my research. I like to thank Stanislaus Suwarno and Amir Taheri for the collaborative work on the new patent filed for the enhanced acoustic technique for the detection of biofilm, and the work on the dead-end filtration work on the study of metastability of colloidal foulants together with the work on high pressure filtration experiments for fouling prediction, respectively. I would also like to acknowledge the opportunity to assist in the company, Membrane Instruments and Technology (MINT). My heartfelt gratitude goes to my wife Tan Li Yan Julie for her constant moral support, perseverance and encouragement. I am eternally grateful to my son Jowen for being the best motivation to continue working hard for my family. Lastly, I would like to thank all the colleagues, staffs and my friends for their help and providing great and friendly atmosphere in Singapore Membrane Technology Centre

No abstract

Special thanks go to Dr. Chong Tzyy Haur for his invaluable help and critical comments. Huge credit goes to him for my smooth progress in my research. I like to thank Stanislaus Suwarno and Amir Taheri for the collaborative work on the new patent filed for the enhanced acoustic technique for the detection of biofilm, and the work on the dead-end filtration work on the study of metastability of colloidal foulants together with the work on high pressure filtration experiments for fouling prediction, respectively. I would also like to acknowledge the opportunity to assist in the company, Membrane Instruments and Technology (MINT). My heartfelt gratitude goes to my wife Tan Li Yan Julie for her constant moral support, perseverance and encouragement. I am eternally grateful to my son Jowen for being the best motivation to continue working hard for my family. Lastly, I would like to thank all the colleagues, staffs and my friends for their help and providing great and friendly atmosphere in Singapore Membrane Technology Centre