T his research studies the effect of operating temperature and particle size on the yield of liquid products fr om the pyrolysis process of expanded polystyrene (EPS) waste. For the experiment, the EPS samples were collected, washed and crush e d, likewise a pretreatment was carried out in which the residues wer e heated at 150 °C for 10 min to reduce their volume, preserving the initial mass. T he pretreated sample was ground and sieved into t wo different particle sizes (0-5 and 5-10 mm). For the experiments, a horizontal tubular reactor was used, which operated at a pressure of 34.66 kPa for 3 hours and at a heating rate of 10 ºC/min. Pyrolysis was carried out at temperatures of 400, 450, 500 and 550°C, varying with the two particle sizes indicated above. It was determined that the operating temperature and particle size have a direct effect on the performance of liquid products. Likewise, the operating conditions that maximize the yield of liquid products were the temperature of 550 °C and the particle size of 5-10 mm, obtaining a yield of liquid products of 97.8%, gaseous products of 1.2% an d solid products of 1.0%.
In Peru the plastics industry generates plastic waste of which only 50% are recycled. Likewise, fluidized catalytic cracking units annually produce significant amounts of catalyst that must be disposed as a solid residue. In this investigation, three samples of plastic waste from urban solid waste, a sample of fresh catalyst and another of FCC equilibrium catalyst were characterized, the equilibrium catalyst sample was heat treated to restore its catalytic properties and characterized with and without previous treatment. The characterization was performed by FTIR analysis and thermogravimetry. It was determined that the three samples of plastic waste analyzed were High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and it was found that one of the three samples has a different thermogravimetric behavior because its maximum decomposition temperature is different. Likewise, it was determined that the fresh catalyst of Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC) has a different chemical structure and thermogravimetric behavior than the treated and untreated equilibrium catalyst (E-Cat) samples. It is concluded that the samples of plastic waste are HDPE and have potential for use as a load of thermochemical processes, also the E-Cat have potential as catalysts in these processes.
El objetivo de esta investigación es estimar el potencial energético del gas pobre obtenido de los residuos agroindustriales de cacao y palma aceitera en el Perú usando la tecnología de gasificadores downdraft en base al modelo matemático de Serrato, pero aplicado a procesos de gasificación propuesto por el modelo de Roy. El modelo de Roy se ajustó con factores multiplicativos en las constantes de equilibrio y velocidad cinética para fragmentos de 3.3 a 5.5 cm, esto se validó empleando datos experimentales obtenidos de la literatura. Se estima el máximo potencial energético del gas pobre de la cáscara de cacao y racimos de frutos vacíos de palma aceitera en el Perú de 4016.4 y 2108.7 TJ / año, respectivamente, para fragmentos de 3.3 cm. Se concluye que la gasificación mediante gasificadores downdraft es una buena opción para generar bioenergía a partir de residuos de la agroindustria y satisfacer algunas carencias de energía eléctrica y térmica en zonas remotas del Perú.
Peru has a growing production of agricultural crops such as cocoa, sugarcane, and oil palm, which generates a large amount of agricultural waste. Only in the 2017 there was a combined production of 5.2 million tons of lignocellulosic waste, which is mostly left in the crop field, causing environmental and health problems. We performed the elemental analysis (content of C, H, N, O, S), proximate (moisture, volatile matter, ash and fixed carbon), chemical (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) and thermogravimetric. High heating value, pH and the IR spectrum of three agricultural biomasses (sugarcane bagasse, empty fruits bunches of oil palm and cocoa pod husks), was also measured. The biomasses evaluated have small values of nitrogen and sulfur, elements that are precursors of NOx and SOx when thermochemical conversion processes occur. The values reported for the elemental and proximate analysis and for the higher calorific value are consistent with previous studies. The results indicate that the sugarcane bagasse and empty fruits bunches of oil palm are suitable for processes such as pyrolysis or gasification, the cocoa pod husks have a high ash content that makes it difficult to use them as a load for those processes.
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