This article describes a global QoS architecture for multimedia traffic in mobile heterogeneous environments. This architecture supports both multiple access networks and multiple service provider scenarios. The architecture is able to provide QoS per user and per service, implementing the notion of a user profile associated with control element functions. An integrated management approach to service and network management in the case of heterogeneous and mobile network access is presented based on cooperative association between QoS brokers and authentication, authorization, accounting, and charging systems. The overall exchange of messages is exemplified for the case of a field test with specific optimizations for voice traffic.
New software-defined open network concepts are proposed in this paper to enable an efficient implementation of front-and backhaul solutions for future 5G mobile networks. Main requirements for 5G front-and backhaul are derived and then related to the open network architecture enabling multiple operators to share the same physical infrastructure. The value of software-defined networking (SDN) is particularly outlined therefore. For the use of SDN in the fronthaul, CPRI over Ethernet (CoE) is proposed as a new transport protocol. In the backhaul, distributed security can be implemented using SDN where direct links are confined inside the access domain, as opposed to the current centralized security solution including also the transport domain. In this way, low latency can be realized e.g. for machine-type communications. As the benefits for fixed-mobile convergence are evident, SDN should be enabled increasingly in the access domain.
This article presents a field evaluation of an IP-based architecture for heterogeneous environments that has been developed under the aegis of the Moby Dick project, covering UMTS-like (universal mobile telecommunications system) TD-CDMA (time division-code division multiple access) wireless access technology, wireless and wired LANs. The architecture treats all transmission capabilities as basic physical and data-link layers, and replaces all higher-level tasks by IP-based strategies. The Moby Dick architecture incorporates mobile IPv6, fast handovers, AAA-control (authentication, authorisation, accounting), charging and quality of service (QoS) in an integrated framework. The architecture further allows for optimised control on the radio link layer resources. It has been implemented and tested by expert users, and evaluated by real users on field trials with multiple services available.
Orbital decompression may have a role in improving proptosis in non-thyroid eye disease entities.
Purpose:
To report a multicenter large case series of orbital decompression for non-thyroid eye disease proptosis.
Methods:
Retrospective chart review of cases of orbital decompression performed by 9 experienced orbital surgeons from different countries from 2014 to 2017 for non-thyroid eye disease proptosis. Patients were divided into 3 groups: 1) negative vector (high axial length or shallow orbit), 2) inflammatory, and 3) tumor. Types of orbital decompression and Hertel exophthalmometry (preoperative and minimum 6 months postoperative) were recorded. Charts were also assessed for serious complications. The amount of exophthalmometry improvement was recorded according to the above groups.
Results:
The analysis included 41 orbits of 29 patients (14 women and 15 men) with a mean age of 38.9 years (ranging from 9 to 74; standard deviation (SD) 15.66). There were 17 orbits of 11 patients in the negative vector group, 16 orbits of 10 patients in the inflammatory group, and 8 orbits of 8 patients in the tumor group. The mean reduction of proptosis was 2.95 mm in the negative vector group, 2.54 mm in the inflammatory group, and 5.75 mm in the tumor group. There were no serious complications.
Conclusions:
Orbital decompression was safe and effective in reducing proptosis for non-thyroid eye disease indications in this series. The amount of exophthalmometry improvement was less in the inflammatory orbitopathy group compared with other proptosis etiology groups.
This paper presents an innovative high-bandwidth access network architecture that offers transparent transport services for fixed (ges 1 Gbps) and mobile applications (LTE and beyond). The main novelty is the development of a high-functionality, low-energy active remote node (ARN) offering high-speed switching and statistical-multiplexing features for maximal exploitation of available network resources, together with radio and legacy systems compatibility, taking advantage of the required powering at the remote base stations (RBSs). The proposed architecture enables an optimized and sophisticated management and control plane, allowing service providers to transparently monitor their connections, so simplifying network management and application interoperability with heterogeneous networks. Although inherently future-proofed, the proposed network platform is also intrinsically compatible with existing fibre and wireless access solutions in an open access context. In addition, its low-energy, and low-cost design offers an environmentally sustainable technology solution, whilst acting as a critical enabler for new smart services, e-society initiatives, and intelligent lifestyle management
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